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James Davis, the candidate of the Green Party, received the lowest number of votes in the 2016 Brisbane City Council election for Northgate Ward (a Brisbane City Council ward covering Northgate, Banyo, Nudgee, Nudgee Beach, Nundah, Virginia, Wavell Heights, and parts of Chermside and Kedron).
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"[H] Northgate Ward | [H] Northgate Ward\n[H] [[Member_of_parliament|MP]] | Adam Allan\n[H] [[List_of_political_parties_in_Australia|Party]] | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National Party]]\n[H] Namesake | [[Northgate,_Queensland|Northgate]]\n[H] [[Voting|Electors]] | 25,248 ([[2016_Brisbane_City_Council_election|2016]])\nThe Northgate Ward is a [[Brisbane_City_Council|Brisbane City Council]] [[Ward_(electoral_subdivision)|ward]] covering [[Northgate,_Queensland|Northgate]], [[Banyo,_Queensland|Banyo]], [[Nudgee,_Queensland|Nudgee]], [[Nudgee_Beach,_Queensland|Nudgee Beach]], [[Nundah,_Queensland|Nundah]], [[Virginia,_Queensland|Virginia]], [[Wavell_Heights,_Queensland|Wavell Heights]], and parts of [[Chermside,_Queensland|Chermside]] and [[Kedron,_Queensland|Kedron]].\nCouncillors for Northgate Ward\n[H] Member | [H] Member | [H] Party | [H] Term\n | Patricia Vaughan | [[Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)|Labor]] | 1994-1997\n | Kim Flesser | [[Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)|Labor]] | 1997-2016\n | Adam Allan | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National Party]] | 2016βpresent\nResults\n[H] Party | [H] Party | [H] Candidate | [H] Votes | [H] % | [H] Β±%\n | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National]] | Adam Allan | 11,315 | 46.7 | +0.2\n | [[Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)|Labor]] | Reg Neil | 8,810 | 36.4 | -2.8\n | [[Queensland_Greens|Greens]] | Jim Davies | 4,106 | 16.9 | +2.6\n[H] Total formal votes | [H] Total formal votes | [H] Total formal votes | 24,231 | - | -\n[H] Informal votes | [H] Informal votes | [H] Informal votes | 666 | - | -\n[H] [[Voter_turnout|Turnout]] | [H] [[Voter_turnout|Turnout]] | [H] [[Voter_turnout|Turnout]] | 24,897 | - | -\n[H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result\n | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National]] | Adam Allan | 11,750 | 51.9 | +0.3\n | [[Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)|Labor]] | Reg Neil | 10,911 | 48.1 | -0.3\n | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National]] hold | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National]] hold | [[Swing_(Australian_politics)|Swing]] | +0.3 | \n[H] Party | [H] Party | [H] Candidate | [H] Votes | [H] % | [H] Β±%\n | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National]] | Adam Allan | 11,456 | 46.7 | -3\n | [[Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)|Labor]] | Reg Neil | 9,581 | 39 | -11.3\n | [[Queensland_Greens|Greens]] | James Davis | 3,499 | 14.3 | +14.3\n[H] Total formal votes | [H] Total formal votes | [H] Total formal votes | 24,536 | - | -\n[H] Informal votes | [H] Informal votes | [H] Informal votes | 712 | - | -\n[H] [[Voter_turnout|Turnout]] | [H] [[Voter_turnout|Turnout]] | [H] [[Voter_turnout|Turnout]] | 25,248 | - | -\n[H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result | [H] [[Two-party-preferred_vote|Two-party-preferred]] result\n | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National]] | Adam Allan | 11,796 | 51.7 | +2.1\n | [[Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)|Labor]] | Reg Neil | 11,018 | 48.3 | -2.1\n | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National]] gain from [[Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)|Labor]] | [[Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland|Liberal National]] gain from [[Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)|Labor]] | [[Swing_(Australian_politics)|Swing]] | +2.1 | "
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The United States Army National Guard 38th Sustainment Brigade has been active since 2007 and is headquartered in Kokomo, Indiana.
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"[H] 38th Sustainment Brigade | [H] 38th Sustainment Brigade\n[H] Active | 2007 - Present\n[H] Country | [[United_States|United States]]\n[H] Branch | [[United_States_Army_National_Guard|United States Army National Guard]]\n[H] Type | [[Sustainment_Brigade|Sustainment Brigade]]\n[H] Size | Brigade\n[H] Garrison/HQ | Kokomo, Indiana\n[H] Motto(s) | Never Quit\n[H] Engagements | [[Iraq_War|Operation Iraqi Freedom]]\n[H] Commanders | [H] Commanders\n[H] Current Commander | COL Marcus H. Thomas\n[H] Current Command Sergeant Major | CSM Elizabeth Daniels\n[H] Current Deputy Commander | LTC Brett Dunn\n[H] Insignia | [H] Insignia\n[H] Distinctive Unit Insignia | \nThe 38th Sustainment Brigade is a [[Sustainment_Brigade|sustainment]] brigade of the [[United_States_Army_National_Guard|United States Army National Guard]] in [[Indiana|Indiana]].\nThe former 38th Division Support Command (DISCOM), along with several other support units, transformed into the 38th Sustainment Brigade in 2007.\nWhen this transformation began, the unit's headquarters shifted from [[Indianapolis,_Indiana|Indianapolis, Indiana]], to [[Kokomo,_Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]].\nThe [[38th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)|38th Infantry Division]] [[Distinctive_unit_insignia|distinctive unit insignia]] was used by members of this unit until the current design was approved in May 2009.\nService history\nThe 38th Sustainment Brigade's origins date to the Mexican Border Crisis when this unit function as a combat arms company.\nThe Indiana National Guard unit was organized and federally recognized on June 3, 1916 as Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Infantry in Indianapolis.\nFrom June 28, through July 9, 1916, the unit was mustered into federal service in support of Mexican Border service.\nAfter nearly eight months, it was mustered out of federal service from February 21-26, 1917.\nSeveral weeks later, this unit was called up for [[World_War_I|World War I]] duties.\nEntering federal service on March 25, 1917, its members were sent to Camp Shelby, Mississippi, where the unit was redesignated as Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 152nd Infantry, a company of the 38th Division.\nThe 38th Infantry Division arrived in Europe in October 1918 and was dispersed into front-line fighting units.\nAfter the [[Armistice_of_11_November_1918|Armistice of 11 November 1918]] was signed, the division was demobilized March 8, 1919, at [[Camp_Taylor,_Louisville|Camp Taylor, Louisville]], Kentucky.\nAfter World War I, Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 152nd Infantry was reorganized and federally recognized September 22, 1921, at Indianapolis.\nSubsequently, this unit went through two changes prior to [[World_War_II|World War II]]:\n- Redesignation as Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry on January 1, 1922; and\n- Reorganization and redesignation as Headquarters Company, 151st Infantry Regiment on March 20, 1934.\nIts members were then inducted into World War II federal service in Indianapolis on January 17, 1941.\nOn February 10, 1942, the 38th Division was redesignated as the 38th Infantry Division.\nWhen the unit's mission changed from service in the European to Pacific theatres, subsequent to Japan's [[Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor|attack on Pearl Harbor]], the 38th Division then underwent three years of training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi.\nIt then departed for Hawaii in January 1944 for additional training and security operations.\nThe next stop was [[Oro_Bay,_New_Guinea|Oro Bay, New Guinea]], for jungle training and several brief encounters with Japanese troops.\nFrom there the division headed to Leyte, where it engaged in a fierce battle with the Japanese in December 1944.\nThe next landing, Luzon, was to be the unit's assault landing, but because ground troops in the area had already secured the area, members of the division were met instead by local residents carrying baskets of food.\nThe remainder of the tour resembled the unit's Leyte experience.\nThe 38th Infantry Division was then assigned the M-7 Operation to assist in eradicating the presence of Japanese troops in the Philippine Peninsula and Islands in Manila Bay as part of a five-phase plan, which included clearing Highway 1 in the north, the Fort Stotsenburg area in the very south (initiated by the landing at Mariveles), the Zambales Mountains between, and the Islands of Caraballo, Carabao, and El Fraille (Fort Drum).\nHeadquarters Company, 151st Infantry Regiment, was responsible for overseeing the missions of the 151st Infantry Regiment, which consisted of three battalions.\nThe 151st, along with the 152nd and 149th Infantry Regiments, was involved in the clearing of Highway 1.\nThe battle, now called \"The Battle of Zig Zag Pass,\" was a bloody standstill between the Japanese and the 38th Division's Infantry Regiments, but ultimately, the 38th Infantry Division prevailed.\nThe 151st was also involved in the clearing of the Zambales Mountains, as well as the Island Operations.\nIn February 1945, the Philippine Peninsula was declared clear of the Japanese.\nLegend has it on this day General Douglas C. MacArthur declared the 38th Infantry Division, \"The Avengers of Bataan\".\nThe nickname stuck for five decades, and in 2011, the Center of Military History granted the \"nickname\" as the 38th Infantry Divisions \"Distinctive Designation\".\nFollowing the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the unconditional surrender by the Empire of Japan, the Japanese on the Philippine Peninsula surrendered to the 38th Infantry Division.\nBy June 1945, the 38th Infantry Division had completed operations.\nBy November 1945, its members had returned home to Indiana by way of [[Camp_Anza,_California|Camp Anza, California]].\nAfter World War II, National Guard units across the nation were required to undergo federal recognition inspections.\nFor Headquarters Company 151st Infantry Regiment, this occurred July 29, 1947, at Indianapolis.\nOn February 1, 1959, Headquarters Company 151st Infantry Regiment was reorganized into a Combat Support element as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 38th Infantry Division Trains.\nThe unit would undergo two more major reorganizations to become the sustainment element it is today.\nThe first one occurred March 1, 1963, which reorganized and redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 38th Infantry Division Trains as Headquarters, Headquarters Company, 38th Infantry Division Support Command (DISCOM).\nThe maintenance aspect of sustainment was added when HHC 38th Infantry Division Support Command was consolidated with 38th Infantry Division Material Management Center on September 1, 1993.\nIn May 2006, HHC Division Support Command was ordered into active federal service in support of the Global War on Terrorism, Operation Iraqi Freedom.\nThis was the first time in Indiana National Guard history that a brigade-echelon unit was deployed with a female commander, Col. Marjorie Courtney.\nUnder the name \"Task Force Indy\" β HHC DiSCOM served as the Garrison Command for Victory Base Complex in Baghdad.\nDiSCOM was released from active federal service in November 2007 and reverted to state control.\nOn September 1, 2008, HHC DiSCOM went from a \"Support\" element to a \"Sustainment\" element when it was expanded, reorganized, and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 38th Sustainment Brigade.\nThis reorganization would also make the 38th Sustainment Brigade a \"separate\" brigade (not doctrinally aligned to a specific division).\nThis status authorized the Brigade a new Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (SSI), Distinctive Unit Insignia (DUI) and Motto.\nDrawing from its 38th Infantry Division roots, the brigade included elements of the 38th ID in both the DUI, and SSI, including the red and blue background on both the SSI and DUI, the cloverleaf on the DUI, and the three stripes on the SSI, which signify the three wars that the unit participated in as a part of the 38th ID (World War I, World War II, and GWOT).\nThe brigade also adopted the nickname, \"Avengers,\" which alludes back to the 38th ID's distinctive designation, \"Avengers of Bataan.\"\nThe Avengers were activated again for federal service in support of Operation Enduring Freedom on August 26, 2012.\nTheir mission was to perform sustainment operations throughout the Kuwait theatre and facilitate the drawdown of troops from Afghanistan.\nIt would also be the first time in Indiana National Guard history that the commander and the command sergeant major were both female, Col. Deedra Thombleson and Cmd.\nSgt. Maj. Karolyn Peeler.\nIn June 2013 the brigade was relieved from its deployment to Kuwait, and demobilized through North Fort Hood, Texas, and was slated to be relieved by the [[371st_Sustainment_Brigade_(United_States)|371st Sustainment Brigade (United States)]], Ohio Army National Guard.\nCampaign Streamers\nWorld War I\n- Streamer without inscription\nWorld War II\n- New Guinea\n- Leyte\n- Luzon (with arrowhead)\nGlobal War on Terrorism\n- TBD\nUnit Decorations\nPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945\nMeritorious Unit Commendation, Streamer embroidered PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1945"
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In Valhalla and the Fortress of Eve (Published by Vulcan Software, founded on January 5, 1994) the young King Garamond II has conquered his wicked uncle but when he decides to marry all of the eligible ladies are abducted and he begins his quest to free them.
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"[H] [[Video_game_developer|Developer(s)]] | [[Vulcan_Software|Vulcan Software]]\n[H] Publisher(s) | Vulcan Software\n[H] [[Video_game_designer|Designer(s)]] | Lisa Tunnah\n[H] [[Video_game_programmer|Programmer(s)]] | Paul Hale Carrington\n[H] Artist(s) | Paul Hale Carrington\n[H] Writer(s) | Lisa Tunnah\n[H] Series | Valhalla series [[Q19753011?uselang=en#P179]]\n[H] Platform(s) | [[Amiga|Amiga]], [[Windows|Windows]], [[BlackBerry|BlackBerry]]\n[H] Release | 1996\n[H] [[Video_game_genre|Genre(s)]] | [[Adventure_game|Adventure]]\n[H] Mode(s) | [[Single-player|Single-player]]\nValhalla and the Fortress of Eve, also known as Valhalla 3, is an [[Adventure_game|adventure game]] developed and released by [[Vulcan_Software|Vulcan Software]] in 1995 for the [[Amiga|Amiga]].\nIt was later ported to PC [[Windows|Windows]] in 2004 and to the [[BlackBerry|BlackBerry]] mobile in 2013.\nIt is a sequel to 1994's [[Valhalla_and_the_Lord_of_Infinity|Valhalla and the Lord of Infinity]] and 1995's Valhalla: Before the War in which the protagonist King Garamond II has to rescue the kidnapped ladies from an evil witch Eve's castle and find himself a woman of his dreams.\nGameplay\nThe third game in the Valhalla series abandoned the top-town view for a pseudo-isometric perspective.\nThe control system was also changed, as the mouse became a primary input device.\nPlot\nThe young King Garamond II has conquered his wicked uncle, the Lord of Infinity, and now the kingdom of Valhalla is ruled by its rightful heir.\nHowever, when Garamond decides to marry, all the eligible ladies in Valhalla are abducted by Queen Eve, an evil ruler of another kingdom and a devotee of Infinity, and imprisoned in her fortress tower as part of her plan to claim the kingdom of Valhalla as her own.\nThe King begins his quest to free the ladies of Valhalla, one of whom will become his bride, and to make sure Eve would never bother them again.\nThere are four episodes: The Edge of Eveswood, The Village of Evesland, The Fortress Courtyard, and the Fortress Tower.\nIf the game is completed, Garamond outwits the witch and she is destroyed.\nHe then rescues the ladies of Valhalla, but he falls in love with a peasant girl named Lisa and chooses her as his queen.\nReception\nUpon its original release, the game received very mixed reviews.\nSome were highly positive, including the scores of 88% by Lisa Collins of [[CU_Amiga|CU Amiga]] and 8/10 from Stefan Siemen of Amiga Magazine.\nOthers, however, were more critical, such as Andy Smith of Amiga Format, who awarded it 51%, and Tim Norris of Amiga Power, who gave it only 20%.\nHerbert Aichinger from Amiga Games gave it mediocre rating of 63%.\n\n[H] Type | [[Limited_company|Private limited company (.ltd)]]\n[H] Industry | [[Video_game_industry|Video games]]\n[H] Founded | 5 January 1994\n[H] Headquarters | [[Cotswolds|Cotswolds]], [[UK|UK]]\n[H] Key people | Paul Hale Carrington, Director\n[H] Products | Valhalla Classics, Timekeepers, Hilsea Lido, Genetic Species, Tiny Troops\n[H] Number of employees | 4 (2006) 1 (2011) 1 (2012)\n[H] Website | \nVulcan Software is an [[Indie_gaming|independent computer games]] company founded in 1994 in the [[UK|UK]].\nVulcan started creating software for the [[Amiga|Amiga]] computer systems.\nIts first commercial game was Valhalla and the Lord of Infinity, which was notable for being the first ever Amiga speech [[Adventure_game|adventure game]].\nIn January 1999, Vulcan Software started development for [[IBM_PC|PC]] computer systems.\nThe Director of Vulcan Software is Paul Carrington.\nIn 2007, Vulcan announced a partnership with [[Amiga,_Inc|Amiga, Inc]] to develop older Amiga games for PCs and other devices.\nGames\n- Valhalla and the Lord of Infinity\n- Valhalla: Before the War\n- Valhalla and the Fortress of Eve\n- Timekeepers\n- JetPilot\n- Burnout\n- Tiny Troops\n- Hillsea Lido\n- Genetic Species\n- The Strangers\n- UropaΒ²: The Ulterior Colony\n- Final Odyssey: Theseus Verses The Minotaur\nThird Party Creations Linked to Valhalla\n- It's a skull"
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Slovakia placed first among the teams under Group C qualifying round for the 1999 FIBA European Championship or the FIBA Eurobasket 1999.
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"Qualification for the 1999 FIBA European Championship, commonly called FIBA [[EuroBasket_1999|EuroBasket 1999]] took place between 22 May 1996 and 28 February 1999.\nA total of fourteen teams qualified for the tournament, joining hosts [[France_national_basketball_team|France]] and [[1998_FIBA_World_Championship|World Champions]] [[Serbia_national_basketball_team|Yugoslavia]].\nFormat\nA total of 39 teams participated.\nCompetition consisted of three stages:\n- A Preliminary Round that consisted of six teams that competed in a round robin tournament that took place in ReykjaviΜk, [[Iceland|Iceland]] between 22 May and 26 May 1996.\n- A Qualifying Round where the third, fourth and fifth teams from the Preliminary Round joined another thirteen teams. The sixteen teams where divided in four round robin groups of four teams each and each group competition took place in a different city. This stage was hosted by [[Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Ireland|Ireland]], [[Romania|Romania]] and [[Slovakia|Slovakia]] and took place between 23 May and 25 May 1997.\n- A Semi-Final Round where the first and second teams from the Preliminary Round and from each of the four groups from the Qualifying Round joined another twenty teams. All thirty teams where then divided in five round robin groups of six teams each. This stage took place between 26 November 1997 and 27 February 1999 and competition consisted of home and away legs, taking place in each of the participating countries. The top two teams from each group plus the best four third-placed teams qualified for [[EuroBasket_1999|EuroBasket 1999]].\nPreliminary round\n | Qualified for the Semi-Final Round\n | Qualified for the Qualifying Round\nTimes given below are in [[Western_European_Time|Western European Time]] (UTCΒ±00:00).\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts\n[[Denmark_men's_national_basketball_team|Denmark]] | 5 | 4 | 1 | 476 | 365 | +111 | 9\n[[Iceland_men's_national_basketball_team|Iceland]] | 5 | 3 | 2 | 413 | 381 | +32 | 8\n[[Ireland_men's_national_basketball_team|Ireland]] | 5 | 3 | 2 | 434 | 407 | +27 | 8\n[[Cyprus_men's_national_basketball_team|Cyprus]] | 5 | 3 | 2 | 358 | 366 | β8 | 8\nLuxembourg | 5 | 1 | 4 | 352 | 465 | β113 | 6\n[[Albania_men's_national_basketball_team|Albania]] | 5 | 1 | 4 | 361 | 427 | β66 | 6\nQualifying Round\n | Qualified for the Semi-Final Round\nGroup A (Nicosia, Cyprus)\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts\nCzech Republic | 3 | 3 | 0 | 230 | 154 | +76 | 6\n[[Georgia_men's_national_basketball_team|Georgia]] | 3 | 2 | 1 | 210 | 208 | +2 | 5\n[[Austria_men's_national_basketball_team|Austria]] | 3 | 1 | 2 | 167 | 192 | β25 | 4\n[[Cyprus_men's_national_basketball_team|Cyprus]] | 3 | 0 | 3 | 162 | 222 | β60 | 3\nGroup B (Dublin, Ireland)\nTimes given below are in [[Western_European_Summer_Time|Western European Summer Time]] ([[UTC+01:00|UTC+01:00]]).\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts\n[[Netherlands_men's_national_basketball_team|Netherlands]] | 3 | 3 | 0 | 239 | 208 | +31 | 6\n[[Belgium_men's_national_basketball_team|Belgium]] | 3 | 2 | 1 | 266 | 235 | +31 | 5\n[[Ireland_men's_national_basketball_team|Ireland]] | 3 | 1 | 2 | 226 | 225 | +1 | 4\n[[Norway_men's_national_basketball_team|Norway]] | 3 | 0 | 3 | 203 | 265 | β62 | 3\nGroup C (Pezinok, Slovakia)\nTimes given below are in [[Central_European_Summer_Time|Central European Summer Time]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+02:00]]).\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts\n[[Slovakia_men's_national_basketball_team|Slovakia]] | 3 | 3 | 0 | 229 | 185 | +44 | 6\n[[England_men's_national_basketball_team|England]] | 3 | 2 | 1 | 267 | 208 | +59 | 5\n[[Switzerland_men's_national_basketball_team|Switzerland]] | 3 | 1 | 2 | 199 | 223 | β24 | 4\nLuxembourg | 3 | 0 | 3 | 187 | 266 | β79 | 3\nGroup D (Dej, Romania)\nTimes given below are in [[Eastern_European_Time|Eastern European Summer Time]] ([[UTC+03:00|UTC+03:00]]).\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts\nPortugal | 3 | 2 | 1 | 293 | 229 | +64 | 5\n[[Romania_men's_national_basketball_team|Romania]] | 3 | 2 | 1 | 264 | 217 | +47 | 5\n[[Finland_men's_national_basketball_team|Finland]] | 3 | 2 | 1 | 239 | 223 | +16 | 5\n[[Wales_men's_national_basketball_team|Wales]] | 3 | 0 | 3 | 192 | 223 | β31 | 3\nSemi-Final Round\n | Qualified for [[EuroBasket_1999|EuroBasket 1999]]\nGroup A\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts | [H] Tie\n[[Slovenia_men's_national_basketball_team|Slovenia]] | 10 | 9 | 1 | 810 | 695 | +115 | 19 | \n[[Greece_men's_national_basketball_team|Greece]] | 10 | 7 | 3 | 853 | 704 | +149 | 17 | 1β1, +2\n[[Germany_men's_national_basketball_team|Germany]] | 10 | 7 | 3 | 731 | 688 | +43 | 17 | 1β1, -2\n[[Bulgaria_men's_national_basketball_team|Bulgaria]] | 10 | 3 | 7 | 744 | 831 | β87 | 13 | \n[[Slovakia_men's_national_basketball_team|Slovakia]] | 10 | 2 | 8 | 690 | 792 | β102 | 12 | 1β1, +5\n[[Belgium_men's_national_basketball_team|Belgium]] | 10 | 2 | 8 | 728 | 775 | β47 | 12 | 1β1, -5\nGroup B\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts\n[[Russia_men's_national_basketball_team|Russia]] | 10 | 9 | 1 | 942 | 723 | +219 | 19\n[[North_Macedonia_men's_national_basketball_team|Macedonia]] | 10 | 8 | 2 | 747 | 677 | +70 | 18\n[[Hungary_men's_national_basketball_team|Hungary]] | 10 | 6 | 4 | 693 | 664 | +29 | 16\n[[Poland_men's_national_basketball_team|Poland]] | 10 | 4 | 6 | 758 | 768 | β10 | 14\nPortugal | 10 | 3 | 7 | 709 | 813 | β104 | 13\n[[Romania_men's_national_basketball_team|Romania]] | 10 | 0 | 10 | 615 | 846 | β231 | 10\nGroup C\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts\n[[Spain_men's_national_basketball_team|Spain]] | 10 | 10 | 0 | 827 | 643 | +184 | 20\n[[Israel_men's_national_basketball_team|Israel]] | 10 | 7 | 3 | 749 | 688 | +61 | 17\n[[Ukraine_men's_national_basketball_team|Ukraine]] | 10 | 5 | 5 | 733 | 692 | +41 | 15\n[[England_men's_national_basketball_team|England]] | 10 | 4 | 6 | 679 | 726 | β47 | 14\n[[Belarus_men's_national_basketball_team|Belarus]] | 10 | 3 | 7 | 652 | 774 | β122 | 13\n[[Denmark_men's_national_basketball_team|Denmark]] | 10 | 1 | 9 | 639 | 771 | β132 | 11\nGroup D\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts | [H] Tie\n[[Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_men's_national_basketball_team|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | 10 | 9 | 1 | 787 | 717 | +70 | 19 | \n[[Lithuania_men's_national_basketball_team|Lithuania]] | 10 | 8 | 2 | 829 | 637 | +192 | 18 | \n[[Croatia_men's_national_basketball_team|Croatia]] | 10 | 7 | 3 | 813 | 711 | +102 | 17 | \n[[Estonia_men's_national_basketball_team|Estonia]] | 10 | 3 | 7 | 817 | 864 | β47 | 13 | 1β1, +15\n[[Netherlands_men's_national_basketball_team|Netherlands]] | 10 | 3 | 7 | 737 | 841 | β104 | 13 | 1β1, -15\n[[Iceland_men's_national_basketball_team|Iceland]] | 10 | 0 | 10 | 714 | 927 | β213 | 10 | \nGroup E\n[H] Team | [H] Pld | [H] W | [H] L | [H] PF | [H] PA | [H] PD | [H] Pts\n[[Italy_men's_national_basketball_team|Italy]] | 10 | 8 | 2 | 823 | 659 | +164 | 18\n[[Turkey_men's_national_basketball_team|Turkey]] | 10 | 8 | 2 | 774 | 658 | +116 | 18\nCzech Republic | 10 | 6 | 4 | 757 | 770 | β13 | 16\n[[Sweden_men's_national_basketball_team|Sweden]] | 10 | 5 | 5 | 793 | 830 | β37 | 15\n[[Latvia_men's_national_basketball_team|Latvia]] | 10 | 3 | 7 | 778 | 800 | β22 | 13\n[[Georgia_men's_national_basketball_team|Georgia]] | 10 | 0 | 10 | 685 | 893 | β208 | 10"
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"In this [[Chinese_name|Chinese name]], the [[Chinese_surname|family name]] is [[Chen_(surname)|Tan (ι)]].\n[H] [[Physician|Dr.]]\nTan Seng Giaw | [H] [[Physician|Dr.]]\nTan Seng Giaw\n[H] Member of the [[Malaysian_Parliament|Malaysian Parliament]]\nfor [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | [H] Member of the [[Malaysian_Parliament|Malaysian Parliament]]\nfor [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur\n[H] Preceded by | ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]-[[Barisan_Nasional|BN]])\n[H] Succeeded by | [[Lim_Lip_Eng|Lim Lip Eng]] ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]-[[Pakatan_Harapan|PH]])\n[H] Member of the [[Selangor_State_Legislative_Assembly|Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]\nfor [[Kajang_(state_constituency)|Kajang]] | [H] Member of the [[Selangor_State_Legislative_Assembly|Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]\nfor [[Kajang_(state_constituency)|Kajang]]\n[H] Preceded by | Chan Kok Kit ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]-[[Gagasan_Rakyat|GR]])\n[H] Succeeded by | Choong Tow Chong ([[Malaysian_Chinese_Association|MCA]]-[[Barisan_Nasional|BN]])\n[H] Member of the [[Selangor_State_Legislative_Assembly|Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]\nfor [[Bandar_Kelang_(state_constituency)|Bandar Kelang]]/[[Klang_Bandar_(state_constituency)|Klang Bandar]] | [H] Member of the [[Selangor_State_Legislative_Assembly|Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]\nfor [[Bandar_Kelang_(state_constituency)|Bandar Kelang]]/[[Klang_Bandar_(state_constituency)|Klang Bandar]]\n[H] Preceded by | Tong Kok Mau ([[Malaysian_Chinese_Association|MCA]]-[[Barisan_Nasional|BN]])\n[H] Succeeded by | Chua Kow Eng ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]-BA)\n[H] Personal details | [H] Personal details\n[H] Born | Tan Seng Giaw @ Tan Chun Tin\n(1942-05-26) 26 May 1942 (age 78)\n[[Kota_Bharu|Kota Bharu]], Kelantan, [[British_Malaya|British Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia|Malaysia]])\n[H] Citizenship | [[Malaysia|Malaysian]]\n[H] Political party | [[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) (1979-)\n[[Malaysian_Social_Justice_Party|Malaysian Social Justice Party]] (Pekemas) (1976-1979)\n[H] Other political\naffiliations | [[Pakatan_Harapan|Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) (2015-)\n[[Pakatan_Rakyat|Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) (2008-2015)\nBarisan Alternatif (BA) (1999-2004)\n[[Gagasan_Rakyat|Gagasan Rakyat]] (GR) (1990-1996)\n[H] Spouse(s) | Oon Hong Geok (ζΈ©ε€η)\n[H] Children | 2\n[H] [[Alma_mater|Alma mater]] | [[University_of_Leeds|University of Leeds]]\n[H] Occupation | Politician\n[H] Website | \nTan Seng Giaw (simplified Chinese: ιθε°§; traditional Chinese: ι³εε ―; [[Pinyin|pinyin]]: CheΜn SheΜngyaΜo; born 26 May 1942) is a veteran [[Malaysian_people|Malaysian]] from the [[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP).\nBackground\nHe was born on 26 May 1942 in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.\nAfter attending Primary and High School in Kelantan and [[Penang|Penang]] respectively, he furthered his education at Plymouth College and [[Leeds_University|Leeds University]], England.\nHis multi-cultural academic and social background has resulted in Seng Giaw being fluent in [[Mandarin_Chinese|Mandarin]], English, [[Bahasa_Malaysia|Bahasa Malaysia]], and competent in the writing of Malay in the [[Jawi_script|Jawi script]].\nSeng Giaw's academic qualifications include a M.B.Ch.\nB.\n(Leeds), D. Obs.\nR.C.O.G, M.R.C.P (UK) and finally a M.D. honours (Leeds) in 1976.\nAn active participant in student activities, he represented the [[Leeds_School_of_Medicine|Leeds Medical School]] on the British Medical Student's Association for five years, and was a founding member of the Chinese Society of the University of Leeds, where he held the office of Society President during 1965β66.\nHis social activities include the office of Pengerusi Kehormat of Persatuan Murid-murid Tua, Chung Ling for the states of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, [[Pahang|Pahang]] and [[Kuala_Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]].\nOver the years, Tan has gathered a wide portfolio of medical experience, having worked at various hospitals (both international and local), private practice clinics and a short period in the [[Royal_Malaysian_Army|Royal Malaysian Army]].\nTan is working as a Specialist Dermatologist at the Chinese Maternity Hospital Medical Centre.\nIn 1972, Tan married Oon Hong Geok, a paediatrician and has two daughters.\nHis wife used to be active in the political scene and represented Taman Aman, Petaling Jaya as a state assemblywoman.\nPolitical career\nTan's political involvement began in 1976, during which he served the people of Kepong on behalf of Dr. [[Tan_Chee_Khoon|Tan Chee Khoon]].\nHe was the Democratic Action Party's National Vice-chairman and Member of Parliament for the constituency of Kepong leading up to the [[2018_Malaysian_general_election|2018 general election]] (GE14).\nDespite having been successful elected as the [[Dewan_Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) of Kepong for eight consecutive terms (from 1982-2018), Tan was dropped as a candidate of choice for the party in GE14.\nThis was amid the rumours nearing the GE14, and Tan's action who went on the offensive by declaring 'he will not back down' and began releasing a series of press statements including a veiled attack on DAP party leaders through an interview with [[Malaysian_Chinese_Association|Malaysian Chinese Association]] (MCA)'s controlled newspaper, [[The_Star_(Malaysia)|The Star]] as well as UMNO controlled, [[New_Straits_Times_Press|New Straits Times]] which labeled them as 'not as honest as the late [[Tan_Chee_Khoon|Tan Chee Koon]]'.\nElection results\n[H] Year | [H] Constituency | [H] | [H] | [H] Votes | [H] Pct | [H] Opponent(s) | [H] Opponent(s) | [H] Votes | [H] Pct | [H] Ballots cast | [H] Majority | [H] Turnout\n[[1982_Malaysian_general_election|1982]] | [[Bandar_Kelang_(state_constituency)|Bandar Kelang]] | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 18,075 | 58.49% | | Tong Kok Mau ([[Malaysian_Chinese_Association|MCA]]) | 12,830 | 41.51% | 31,351 | 5,245 | 81.22%\n[[1986_Malaysian_general_election|1986]] | [[Klang_Bandar_(state_constituency)|Klang Bandar]] | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 13,223 | 61.77% | | Goon Swee Fook ([[Malaysian_Chinese_Association|MCA]]) | 6,942 | 32.43% | 21,803 | 6,281 | 71.88%\n[[1986_Malaysian_general_election|1986]] | [[Klang_Bandar_(state_constituency)|Klang Bandar]] | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 13,223 | 61.77% | | Yeoh Lai Seng ([[Malaysian_Nationalist_Party|NASMA]]) | 927 | 4.33% | 21,803 | 6,281 | 71.88%\n[[1986_Malaysian_general_election|1986]] | [[Klang_Bandar_(state_constituency)|Klang Bandar]] | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 13,223 | 61.77% | | Yeoh Poh San ([[Social_Democratic_Party_(Malaysia)|SDP]]) | 314 | 1.47% | 21,803 | 6,281 | 71.88%\n[[1990_Malaysian_general_election|1990]] | [[Kajang_(state_constituency)|Kajang]] | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 10,138 | 61.95% | | Khoo Chai Hong ([[Malaysian_Chinese_Association|MCA]]) | 6,227 | 38.05% | 16,856 | 3,911 | 75.99%\n[H] Year | [H] Constituency | [H] | [H] | [H] Votes | [H] Pct | [H] Opponent(s) | [H] Opponent(s) | [H] Votes | [H] Pct | [H] Ballots cast | [H] Majority | [H] Turnout\n[[1978_Malaysian_general_election|1978]] | P84 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Malaysian_Social_Justice_Party|PEKEMAS]]) | 17,827 | 36.95% | | Tan Tiong Hong ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]) | 20,055 | 41.57% | N/A | 2,228 | N/A\n[[1978_Malaysian_general_election|1978]] | P84 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Malaysian_Social_Justice_Party|PEKEMAS]]) | 17,827 | 36.95% | | Khoo Sin Geok @ Khoo Sin Tow ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 9,971 | 20.67% | N/A | 2,228 | N/A\n[[1978_Malaysian_general_election|1978]] | P84 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Malaysian_Social_Justice_Party|PEKEMAS]]) | 17,827 | 36.95% | | Kanda (IND) | 390 | 0.81% | N/A | 2,228 | N/A\n[[1982_Malaysian_general_election|1982]] | P84 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 29,368 | 50.51% | | [[Kerk_Choo_Ting|Kerk Kim Tim @ Kerk Choo Ting]] ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]) | 28,163 | 48.44% | 59,465 | 1,205 | 76.94%\n[[1982_Malaysian_general_election|1982]] | P84 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 29,368 | 50.51% | | Ishak Ibrahim (IND) | 613 | 1.05% | 59,465 | 1,205 | 76.94%\n[[1986_Malaysian_general_election|1986]] | P96 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 33,049 | 64.81% | | Lum Weng Keong ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]) | 16,536 | 32.43% | 51,476 | 16,513 | 71.73%\n[[1986_Malaysian_general_election|1986]] | P96 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 33,049 | 64.81% | | Wong Kim Lin ([[Nationalist_Party_of_Malaysia|NASMA]]) | 1,405 | 2.76% | 51,476 | 16,513 | 71.73%\n[[1990_Malaysian_general_election|1990]] | P96 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 38,323 | 70.58% | | Lim Kim Hoe ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]) | 15,971 | 29.42% | 54,679 | 22,352 | 71.23%\n[[1995_Malaysian_general_election|1995]] | P103 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 25,075 | 55.56% | | Tan Poh Eng ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]) | 20,053 | 44.44% | 45,454 | 5,022 | 75.62%\n[[1999_Malaysian_general_election|1999]] | P103 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 25,085 | 50.77% | | Ma Woei Chyi ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]) | 23,319 | 47.20% | 49,730 | 1,766 | 76.55%\n[[1999_Malaysian_general_election|1999]] | P103 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 25,085 | 50.77% | | Mano (IND) | 1,003 | 2.03% | 49,730 | 1,766 | 76.55%\n[[2004_Malaysian_general_election|2004]] | P114 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 23,282 | 52.07% | | Ma Woei Chyi ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]) | 21,428 | 47.93% | 44,956 | 1,854 | 74.59%\n[[2008_Malaysian_general_election|2008]] | P114 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 35,552 | 75.23% | | Lau Hoi Keong ([[Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia|Gerakan]]) | 11,704 | 24.77% | 47,508 | 23,848 | 78.17%\n[[2013_Malaysian_general_election|2013]] | P114 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 47,837 | 82.30% | | Chandrakumanan Arumugam ([[People's_Progressive_Party_(Malaysia)|PPP]]) | 7,530 | 12.96% | 58,585 | 40,307 | 86.11%\n[[2013_Malaysian_general_election|2013]] | P114 [[Kepong_(federal_constituency)|Kepong]], Kuala Lumpur | | Tan Seng Giaw ([[Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)|DAP]]) | 47,837 | 82.30% | | Yee Poh Ping (IND) | 2,757 | 4.74% | 58,585 | 40,307 | 86.11%"
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1663 van den Bos was discovered in 1926 by H. E. Wood.
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"[H] Discovery | [H] Discovery\n[H] [[List_of_minor_planet_discoverers|Discovered by]] | [[Harry_Edwin_Wood|H. E. Wood]]\n[H] [[List_of_observatory_codes|Discovery site]] | [[Union_Observatory|Johannesburg Obs.]]\n[H] Discovery date | 4 August 1926\n[H] Designations | [H] Designations\n[H] [[Minor_planet_designation|MPC designation]] | (1663) van den Bos\n[H] Named after | [[Willem_Hendrik_van_den_Bos|Willem van den Bos]]\n(astronomer)\n[H] [[Provisional_designation_in_astronomy|Alternative designations]] | 1926 PE Β· 1928 DD\n1936 OM Β· 1948 BE\n1948 EG1 Β· 1949 KE\n1950 XD Β· 1963 SC\n[H] [[Minor_planet#Populations|Minor planet category]] | [[Main-belt|main-belt]] Β· [[Flora_family|Flora]]\n[H] [[Osculating_orbit|Orbital characteristics]] | [H] [[Osculating_orbit|Orbital characteristics]]\n[H] Observation arc | 88.62 yr (32,370 days)\n[H] [[Perihelion_and_aphelion|Aphelion]] | 2.6437 [[Astronomical_unit|AU]]\n[H] [[Perihelion_and_aphelion|Perihelion]] | 1.8357 AU\n[H] Semi-major axis | 2.2397 AU\n[H] [[Orbital_eccentricity|Eccentricity]] | 0.1804\n[H] [[Orbital_period|Orbital period]] | 3.35 [[Julian_year_(astronomy)|yr]] (1,224 days)\n[H] [[Mean_anomaly|Mean anomaly]] | 33.128[[Degree_(angle)|Β°]]\n[H] [[Mean_motion|Mean motion]] | 0Β° 17 38.76 / day\n[H] [[Orbital_inclination|Inclination]] | 5.3617Β°\n[H] [[Longitude_of_the_ascending_node|Longitude of ascending node]] | 83.196Β°\n[H] [[Argument_of_periapsis|Argument of perihelion]] | 275.24Β°\n[H] [[Standard_asteroid_physical_characteristics|Physical characteristics]] | [H] [[Standard_asteroid_physical_characteristics|Physical characteristics]]\n[H] Dimensions | 7.58Β±0.67 km\n11.697Β±0.048 km\n12.25 km (derived)\n13.537Β±0.339 km\n[H] [[Rotation_period|Rotation period]] | 155Β±5 h (wrong)\n740Β±10 [[Hour|h]]\n[H] [[Geometric_albedo|Geometric albedo]] | 0.1708Β±0.0178\n0.184Β±0.025\n0.2045 (derived)\n0.255Β±0.022\n0.406Β±0.074\n[H] [[Asteroid_spectral_types|Spectral type]] | [[S-type_asteroid|S]]\n[H] [[Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)|Absolute magnitude (H)]] | 11.80 Β· 11.86Β±0.28 Β· 11.9 Β· 12.2\n1663 van den Bos, provisional designation 1926 PE, is a stony Florian [[Asteroid|asteroid]] and an exceptionally [[List_of_slow_rotators_(minor_planets)|slow rotator]] from the inner regions of the [[Asteroid_belt|asteroid belt]], approximately 12 kilometers in diameter.\nIt was discovered on 4 August 1926, by English astronomer [[Harry_Edwin_Wood|Harry Edwin Wood]] at [[Johannesburg_Observatory|Johannesburg Observatory]] in South Africa.\nIt was later named after astronomer [[Willem_Hendrik_van_den_Bos|Willem Hendrik van den Bos]].\nOrbit and classification\nThe [[S-type_asteroid|S-type asteroid]] is a member of the [[Flora_family|Flora family]], a large group of stony asteroids in the main-belt.\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8β2.6 [[Astronomical_unit|AU]] once every 3 years and 4 months (1,224 days).\nIts orbit has an [[Orbital_eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.18 and an [[Orbital_inclination|inclination]] of 5[[Degree_(angle)|Β°]] with respect to the [[Ecliptic|ecliptic]].\nIn March 2082, van den Bos will pass [[29_Amphitrite|29 Amphitrite]] at a distance of 0.0065 AU (972,000 km).\nThe body's observation arc begins with a post-recovery observation taken at Johannesburg in 1936, when it was also identified as 1936 OM, which is a full decade after its official discovery observation from 1926.\nPhysical characteristics\nSlow rotator\nIn October 2010, a rotational [[Lightcurve|lightcurve]] of van den Bos was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers [[Robert_D._Stephens|Robert Stephens]] and [[David_Higgins_(astronomer)|David Higgins]].\nIt gave a [[Rotation_period|rotation period]] of 740 hours with a brightness variation of 0.80 [[Magnitude_(astronomy)|magnitude]] ([[LCDB_quality_code|U=3-]]).\nIt is one of the slowest rotating minor planets (see [[List_of_slow_rotators_(minor_planets)#Periods_between_500_and_1000_hours|list]]) and a suspected tumbler, that has a non-principal axis rotation.\nAt the same time, photometric observations at the Shadowbox Observatory gave an alternative, yet ambiguous period of 155 hours with an amplitude of 0.5 magnitude ([[LCDB_quality_code|U=1]]).\nDiameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese [[Akari_(satellite)|Akari]] satellite and NASA's [[Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer|Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] with its subsequent [[NEOWISE|NEOWISE]] mission, van den Bos measures between 7.58 and 13.54 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an [[Astronomical_albedo|albedo]] between 0.171 and 0.255.\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2045 and a diameter of 12.25 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.9.\nNaming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Dutch-born, South African astronomer [[Willem_Hendrik_van_den_Bos|Willem Hendrik van den Bos]] (1896β1974), former director of the Union Observatory (1941β1956) and president of the Astronomical Society of South Africa (1943β1955).\nHe made visual micrometric observations and discovered thousands of [[Double_star|double stars]].\nThe official [[Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_1001β2000#663|naming citation]] was published by the [[Minor_Planet_Center|Minor Planet Center]] on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C.\n3297)."
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The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) first aired the first episode of Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley on September tenth, 1988.
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"[H] The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley | [H] The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley\n[H] Genre | \n[H] Based on | Ed Grimley\nby [[Martin_Short|Martin Short]]\n[H] Developed by | Colossal Pictures, Inc.\n[H] Directed by | \n[H] Starring | \n[H] Voices of | \n[H] Composer | Michael Tavera\n[H] Country of origin | United States\n[H] Original language | English\n[H] No. of seasons | 1\n[H] No. of episodes | 13 ([[#Episodes|list of episodes]])\n[H] Production | [H] Production\n[H] Executive producers | \n[H] Producers | \n[H] Editor | Gil Iverson\n[H] Running time | 23 minutes approx.\n[H] Production companies | [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]]\nSEPP International S.A.\n[H] Distributor | Worldvision Enterprises\n[H] Release | [H] Release\n[H] Original network | [[NBC|NBC]]\n[H] Picture format | 480p ([[4:3|4:3]] SDTV)\n[H] Audio format | [[Stereophonic_sound|Stereo]]\n[H] Original release | September 10 β\nDecember 3, 1988 (1988-12-03)\n[H] Chronology | [H] Chronology\n[H] Related shows | SCTV\n[[Saturday_Night_Live|Saturday Night Live]]\nThe Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley is an American [[Animated_television_series|animated television series]] produced by [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]] and featuring [[Martin_Short|Martin Short]]'s fictional character Ed Grimley (with Short reprising his role as Grimley).\nThe show aired on [[NBC|NBC]] from September 10 to December 3, 1988 for a single season of 13 episodes.\nThe show is the only Saturday morning animated adaptation of both an SCTV character and a [[Saturday_Night_Live|Saturday Night Live]] character.\nGuest stars on the show included [[Christopher_Guest|Christopher Guest]] and SCTV alumni [[Eugene_Levy|Eugene Levy]] and [[Dave_Thomas_(actor)|Dave Thomas]].\nThe show also featured the voices of [[ReneΜ_Auberjonois_(actor)|ReneΜ Auberjonois]], [[Kenneth_Mars|Kenneth Mars]], and Arte Johnson.\nThough the show was not renewed for a second season, The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley was later seen in reruns in 1996 on [[Cartoon_Network|Cartoon Network]]'s unnamed pre-[[Adult_Swim|Adult Swim]]-era late-night programming block, which consisted of such shows as [[Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast|Space Ghost Coast to Coast]] and reruns of classic [[Looney_Tunes|Looney Tunes]] shorts and Hanna-Barbera programming, before it was rerun again on [[Boomerang_(TV_network)|Boomerang]].\nHanna-Barbera sponsored an Ed Grimley look-alike contest midway through the first season, which was won by 10-year-old Matt Mitchell from [[Des_Moines,_Iowa|Des Moines, Iowa]].\nSynopsis and characters\nEpisodes of the show often featured Ed Grimley in several adventures, which start out as mundane, but turn very surreal and cartoonish, interspersed with science lessons from The Amazing Gustav Brothers, Roger and Emil, and a [[Live-action|live-action]] segment with a \"scary story\" titled The Count Floyd Show presented as a [[Show-within-a-show|show-within-a-show]] by Grimley's favorite television host, SCTV's [[Count_Floyd|Count Floyd]] (played by SCTV cast member Joe Flaherty).\nGrimley's fellow cartoon characters included Grimley's landlord Leo Freebus (voiced by [[Jonathan_Winters|Jonathan Winters]]), Leo's wife Deidre (voiced by [[Andrea_Martin|Andrea Martin]]), his ditzy, amateur actress neighbor Ms. Malone (voiced by [[Catherine_O'Hara|Catherine O'Hara]]; a female character by the name of Ms. Malone did appear on an SNL version of an Ed Grimley sketch on the season ten episode hosted by [[Alex_Karras|Alex Karras]], but Ms. Malone was played by that episode's musical guest [[Tina_Turner|Tina Turner]]), and her little brother Wendell (voiced by [[Danny_Cooksey|Danny Cooksey]]).\nEd owns a goldfish named Moby and a clever pet rat named Sheldon (voiced by [[Frank_Welker|Frank Welker]]).\nAt the end of each episode, Ed would write in his diary about what happened in his day.\nAdditional voices\n- [[Charlie_Adler|Charlie Adler]]\n- [[ReneΜ_Auberjonois_(actor)|ReneΜ Auberjonois]]\n- [[Michael_Bell_(actor)|Michael Bell]]\n- [[Susan_Blu|Susan Blu]]\n- Hamilton Camp\n- [[Danny_Cooksey|Danny Cooksey]]\n- Robert Ito\n- Arte Johnson\n- Christina Lange\n- [[Kenneth_Mars|Kenneth Mars]]\n- [[Rob_Paulsen|Rob Paulsen]]\n- [[Dave_Thomas_(actor)|Dave Thomas]]\n- [[B._J._Ward_(actress)|B.J. Ward]]\n- [[Frank_Welker|Frank Welker]]\nEpisodes\n[H] No | [H] Title | [H] Written by | [H] Original air date\n[H] 1 | \"Tall, Dark & Hansom\" | N/A | 10 September 1988 (1988-09-10)\nEd fills in for his cousin driving a hansom cab and ends up in a horse race.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about gravity where Emil demonstrates Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of gravity by jumping out of the airplane dressed as an apple. Though Emil forgets his parachute.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd reads to the children a story called \"The Curse of the Headless Mummy\" where an archaeologist named Dr. Smythe enters a tomb containing a headless mummy where hieroglyphics say \"He who enters this tomb will never leave and be trapped for all of eternity.\" | Ed fills in for his cousin driving a hansom cab and ends up in a horse race.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about gravity where Emil demonstrates Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of gravity by jumping out of the airplane dressed as an apple. Though Emil forgets his parachute.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd reads to the children a story called \"The Curse of the Headless Mummy\" where an archaeologist named Dr. Smythe enters a tomb containing a headless mummy where hieroglyphics say \"He who enters this tomb will never leave and be trapped for all of eternity.\" | Ed fills in for his cousin driving a hansom cab and ends up in a horse race.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about gravity where Emil demonstrates Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of gravity by jumping out of the airplane dressed as an apple. Though Emil forgets his parachute.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd reads to the children a story called \"The Curse of the Headless Mummy\" where an archaeologist named Dr. Smythe enters a tomb containing a headless mummy where hieroglyphics say \"He who enters this tomb will never leave and be trapped for all of eternity.\" | Ed fills in for his cousin driving a hansom cab and ends up in a horse race.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about gravity where Emil demonstrates Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of gravity by jumping out of the airplane dressed as an apple. Though Emil forgets his parachute.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd reads to the children a story called \"The Curse of the Headless Mummy\" where an archaeologist named Dr. Smythe enters a tomb containing a headless mummy where hieroglyphics say \"He who enters this tomb will never leave and be trapped for all of eternity.\"\n[H] 2 | \"Ed's Debut\" | Dick Blasucci | September 17, 1988 (1988-09-17)\nEd mistakenly thinks he is asked to play triangle for the city's philharmonic. On the way to the concert hall, Grimley is arrested and imprisoned for a bank robbery he did not commit.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about centrifugal force by visiting the amusement park by going on the Screaming Banshee of Hades. Though Emil had some food before he got on and threw up.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd reads to the children a story about a little girl who went to visit her grandfather in Oklahoma who advised her not to go into the attic. When a kid asks if Count Floyd is a real vampire because of his howling, Count Floyd comments that his grandmother is a part-werewolf and it runs in the family. When he tries to turn into a bat, the spell Count Floyd uses makes him fat instead. | Ed mistakenly thinks he is asked to play triangle for the city's philharmonic. On the way to the concert hall, Grimley is arrested and imprisoned for a bank robbery he did not commit.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about centrifugal force by visiting the amusement park by going on the Screaming Banshee of Hades. Though Emil had some food before he got on and threw up.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd reads to the children a story about a little girl who went to visit her grandfather in Oklahoma who advised her not to go into the attic. When a kid asks if Count Floyd is a real vampire because of his howling, Count Floyd comments that his grandmother is a part-werewolf and it runs in the family. When he tries to turn into a bat, the spell Count Floyd uses makes him fat instead. | Ed mistakenly thinks he is asked to play triangle for the city's philharmonic. On the way to the concert hall, Grimley is arrested and imprisoned for a bank robbery he did not commit.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about centrifugal force by visiting the amusement park by going on the Screaming Banshee of Hades. Though Emil had some food before he got on and threw up.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd reads to the children a story about a little girl who went to visit her grandfather in Oklahoma who advised her not to go into the attic. When a kid asks if Count Floyd is a real vampire because of his howling, Count Floyd comments that his grandmother is a part-werewolf and it runs in the family. When he tries to turn into a bat, the spell Count Floyd uses makes him fat instead. | Ed mistakenly thinks he is asked to play triangle for the city's philharmonic. On the way to the concert hall, Grimley is arrested and imprisoned for a bank robbery he did not commit.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about centrifugal force by visiting the amusement park by going on the Screaming Banshee of Hades. Though Emil had some food before he got on and threw up.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd reads to the children a story about a little girl who went to visit her grandfather in Oklahoma who advised her not to go into the attic. When a kid asks if Count Floyd is a real vampire because of his howling, Count Floyd comments that his grandmother is a part-werewolf and it runs in the family. When he tries to turn into a bat, the spell Count Floyd uses makes him fat instead.\n[H] 3 | \"E.G., Go Home\" | N/A | September 24, 1988 (1988-09-24)\nEd and Wendall, the annoying brother of his crushβa ditzy amateur actress named Miss Maloneβgo on an amusement park rocket ride, taking them to another planet which is ruled by an alien queen who sounds like [[Bette_Davis|Bette Davis]].\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about rocket propulsion where Emil wears a jetpack in an uninhabited desert that would make him zoom off into the stratosphere.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: In his imagination, Ed talks to Count Floyd apologizing for missing his show. Count Floyd decides to make an exception and rerun it for him. In the episode, Count Floyd reveals that he in his bat form starred in first-rate horror films before getting his own show. He shows his first flick he made called \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Ed.\" | Ed and Wendall, the annoying brother of his crushβa ditzy amateur actress named Miss Maloneβgo on an amusement park rocket ride, taking them to another planet which is ruled by an alien queen who sounds like [[Bette_Davis|Bette Davis]].\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about rocket propulsion where Emil wears a jetpack in an uninhabited desert that would make him zoom off into the stratosphere.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: In his imagination, Ed talks to Count Floyd apologizing for missing his show. Count Floyd decides to make an exception and rerun it for him. In the episode, Count Floyd reveals that he in his bat form starred in first-rate horror films before getting his own show. He shows his first flick he made called \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Ed.\" | Ed and Wendall, the annoying brother of his crushβa ditzy amateur actress named Miss Maloneβgo on an amusement park rocket ride, taking them to another planet which is ruled by an alien queen who sounds like [[Bette_Davis|Bette Davis]].\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about rocket propulsion where Emil wears a jetpack in an uninhabited desert that would make him zoom off into the stratosphere.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: In his imagination, Ed talks to Count Floyd apologizing for missing his show. Count Floyd decides to make an exception and rerun it for him. In the episode, Count Floyd reveals that he in his bat form starred in first-rate horror films before getting his own show. He shows his first flick he made called \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Ed.\" | Ed and Wendall, the annoying brother of his crushβa ditzy amateur actress named Miss Maloneβgo on an amusement park rocket ride, taking them to another planet which is ruled by an alien queen who sounds like [[Bette_Davis|Bette Davis]].\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil talk about rocket propulsion where Emil wears a jetpack in an uninhabited desert that would make him zoom off into the stratosphere.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: In his imagination, Ed talks to Count Floyd apologizing for missing his show. Count Floyd decides to make an exception and rerun it for him. In the episode, Count Floyd reveals that he in his bat form starred in first-rate horror films before getting his own show. He shows his first flick he made called \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Ed.\"\n[H] 4 | \"Ed's in Hot Water\" | TBA | October 1, 1988 (1988-10-01)\nLooking after the apartment building for the Freebus family while she and her husband are on vacation, Ed tries to fix the water heater and ends up going down the drain, into the ocean, and on an island, where he finds a stranded, [[Amelia_Earhart|Amelia Earhart]]-esque aviator. | Looking after the apartment building for the Freebus family while she and her husband are on vacation, Ed tries to fix the water heater and ends up going down the drain, into the ocean, and on an island, where he finds a stranded, [[Amelia_Earhart|Amelia Earhart]]-esque aviator. | Looking after the apartment building for the Freebus family while she and her husband are on vacation, Ed tries to fix the water heater and ends up going down the drain, into the ocean, and on an island, where he finds a stranded, [[Amelia_Earhart|Amelia Earhart]]-esque aviator. | Looking after the apartment building for the Freebus family while she and her husband are on vacation, Ed tries to fix the water heater and ends up going down the drain, into the ocean, and on an island, where he finds a stranded, [[Amelia_Earhart|Amelia Earhart]]-esque aviator.\n[H] 5 | \"Crate Expectations\" | N/A | October 8, 1988 (1988-10-08)\nEd gets trapped in a crate while trying to get a birthday present for Miss Malone. Meanwhile in a spoof of [[It's_a_Wonderful_Life|It's a Wonderful Life]], Miss Malone is depressed over being passed up for a TV movie and being a struggling actress at 25. She meets a guardian angel named Jim who shows her what life would be like if she was never born.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil go back in time to their childhood where they had a disagreement when in the bathtub.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd shows some super-scary home movies. Then he plays a preview from next week's movie called \"The Spooky Cloud in the Middle of the Swamp.\" | Ed gets trapped in a crate while trying to get a birthday present for Miss Malone. Meanwhile in a spoof of [[It's_a_Wonderful_Life|It's a Wonderful Life]], Miss Malone is depressed over being passed up for a TV movie and being a struggling actress at 25. She meets a guardian angel named Jim who shows her what life would be like if she was never born.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil go back in time to their childhood where they had a disagreement when in the bathtub.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd shows some super-scary home movies. Then he plays a preview from next week's movie called \"The Spooky Cloud in the Middle of the Swamp.\" | Ed gets trapped in a crate while trying to get a birthday present for Miss Malone. Meanwhile in a spoof of [[It's_a_Wonderful_Life|It's a Wonderful Life]], Miss Malone is depressed over being passed up for a TV movie and being a struggling actress at 25. She meets a guardian angel named Jim who shows her what life would be like if she was never born.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil go back in time to their childhood where they had a disagreement when in the bathtub.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd shows some super-scary home movies. Then he plays a preview from next week's movie called \"The Spooky Cloud in the Middle of the Swamp.\" | Ed gets trapped in a crate while trying to get a birthday present for Miss Malone. Meanwhile in a spoof of [[It's_a_Wonderful_Life|It's a Wonderful Life]], Miss Malone is depressed over being passed up for a TV movie and being a struggling actress at 25. She meets a guardian angel named Jim who shows her what life would be like if she was never born.\nThe Amazing Gustav Brothers: Roger and Emil go back in time to their childhood where they had a disagreement when in the bathtub.\nCount Floyd's Scary Stories: Count Floyd shows some super-scary home movies. Then he plays a preview from next week's movie called \"The Spooky Cloud in the Middle of the Swamp.\"\n[H] 6 | \"Grimley, P.F.C.\" | TBA | October 15, 1988 (1988-10-15)\nIn the wrong line to return a library book, Ed joins the Army and ends up second banana to a [[Bob_Hope|Bob Hope]]-like [[USO|USO]] performer (voiced by [[Dave_Thomas_(actor)|Dave Thomas]]). | In the wrong line to return a library book, Ed joins the Army and ends up second banana to a [[Bob_Hope|Bob Hope]]-like [[USO|USO]] performer (voiced by [[Dave_Thomas_(actor)|Dave Thomas]]). | In the wrong line to return a library book, Ed joins the Army and ends up second banana to a [[Bob_Hope|Bob Hope]]-like [[USO|USO]] performer (voiced by [[Dave_Thomas_(actor)|Dave Thomas]]). | In the wrong line to return a library book, Ed joins the Army and ends up second banana to a [[Bob_Hope|Bob Hope]]-like [[USO|USO]] performer (voiced by [[Dave_Thomas_(actor)|Dave Thomas]]).\n[H] 7 | \"Moby Is Lost\" | TBA | October 22, 1988 (1988-10-22)\nEd's pet goldfish Moby is missing and Ed hires a television-obsessed sea captain to lead the search. | Ed's pet goldfish Moby is missing and Ed hires a television-obsessed sea captain to lead the search. | Ed's pet goldfish Moby is missing and Ed hires a television-obsessed sea captain to lead the search. | Ed's pet goldfish Moby is missing and Ed hires a television-obsessed sea captain to lead the search.\n[H] 8 | \"Good Neighbor Ed\" | TBA | October 29, 1988 (1988-10-29)\nEd wins a contest but to fulfill the contest rules he needs to take a picture of all of his neighbors. This is the only musical episode. | Ed wins a contest but to fulfill the contest rules he needs to take a picture of all of his neighbors. This is the only musical episode. | Ed wins a contest but to fulfill the contest rules he needs to take a picture of all of his neighbors. This is the only musical episode. | Ed wins a contest but to fulfill the contest rules he needs to take a picture of all of his neighbors. This is the only musical episode.\n[H] 9 | \"Driver Ed\" | TBA | November 5, 1988 (1988-11-05)\nMiss Malone needs to learn how to drive and calls upon Ed to teach her, but an accident turns the two into wandering spirits who haunt Mr. Freebus. | Miss Malone needs to learn how to drive and calls upon Ed to teach her, but an accident turns the two into wandering spirits who haunt Mr. Freebus. | Miss Malone needs to learn how to drive and calls upon Ed to teach her, but an accident turns the two into wandering spirits who haunt Mr. Freebus. | Miss Malone needs to learn how to drive and calls upon Ed to teach her, but an accident turns the two into wandering spirits who haunt Mr. Freebus.\n[H] 10 | \"Blowin' in the Wind\" | TBA | November 12, 1988 (1988-11-12)\nWhile on his way to his aunt's house for a game of Monopoly, Ed is caught up in the [[The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz|same tornado that sent]] [[Dorothy_Gale|Dorothy Gale]] to the [[Land_of_Oz|Land of Oz]], only he ends up on the farm with [[Aunt_Em|Aunt Em]], [[Uncle_Henry_(Oz)|Uncle Henry]], and a recuperating Dorothy where a traveling summer stock show, with a [[Jerry_Lewis|Jerry Lewis]]-like director, are hoping for a shot at Broadway. | While on his way to his aunt's house for a game of Monopoly, Ed is caught up in the [[The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz|same tornado that sent]] [[Dorothy_Gale|Dorothy Gale]] to the [[Land_of_Oz|Land of Oz]], only he ends up on the farm with [[Aunt_Em|Aunt Em]], [[Uncle_Henry_(Oz)|Uncle Henry]], and a recuperating Dorothy where a traveling summer stock show, with a [[Jerry_Lewis|Jerry Lewis]]-like director, are hoping for a shot at Broadway. | While on his way to his aunt's house for a game of Monopoly, Ed is caught up in the [[The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz|same tornado that sent]] [[Dorothy_Gale|Dorothy Gale]] to the [[Land_of_Oz|Land of Oz]], only he ends up on the farm with [[Aunt_Em|Aunt Em]], [[Uncle_Henry_(Oz)|Uncle Henry]], and a recuperating Dorothy where a traveling summer stock show, with a [[Jerry_Lewis|Jerry Lewis]]-like director, are hoping for a shot at Broadway. | While on his way to his aunt's house for a game of Monopoly, Ed is caught up in the [[The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz|same tornado that sent]] [[Dorothy_Gale|Dorothy Gale]] to the [[Land_of_Oz|Land of Oz]], only he ends up on the farm with [[Aunt_Em|Aunt Em]], [[Uncle_Henry_(Oz)|Uncle Henry]], and a recuperating Dorothy where a traveling summer stock show, with a [[Jerry_Lewis|Jerry Lewis]]-like director, are hoping for a shot at Broadway.\n[H] 11 | \"Eyewitness Ed\" | TBA | November 19, 1988 (1988-11-19)\nNeeding \"hot dog franks\" for a party, Ed makes a run to the store which resembles the [[Psycho_(1960_film)|Bates Motel]] and witnesses Der Bingle robbing the proprietor (voiced by [[Eugene_Levy|Eugene Levy]]) for which he testifies and must go into the Witness Protection Program. | Needing \"hot dog franks\" for a party, Ed makes a run to the store which resembles the [[Psycho_(1960_film)|Bates Motel]] and witnesses Der Bingle robbing the proprietor (voiced by [[Eugene_Levy|Eugene Levy]]) for which he testifies and must go into the Witness Protection Program. | Needing \"hot dog franks\" for a party, Ed makes a run to the store which resembles the [[Psycho_(1960_film)|Bates Motel]] and witnesses Der Bingle robbing the proprietor (voiced by [[Eugene_Levy|Eugene Levy]]) for which he testifies and must go into the Witness Protection Program. | Needing \"hot dog franks\" for a party, Ed makes a run to the store which resembles the [[Psycho_(1960_film)|Bates Motel]] and witnesses Der Bingle robbing the proprietor (voiced by [[Eugene_Levy|Eugene Levy]]) for which he testifies and must go into the Witness Protection Program.\n[H] 12 | \"Eddy, We Hardly Knew Ye\" | TBA | November 26, 1988 (1988-11-26)\nEd goes into the hospital for a tonsillectomy where his roommate is a [[Werewolf|werewolf]] (voiced by [[Christopher_Guest|Christopher Guest]]). | Ed goes into the hospital for a tonsillectomy where his roommate is a [[Werewolf|werewolf]] (voiced by [[Christopher_Guest|Christopher Guest]]). | Ed goes into the hospital for a tonsillectomy where his roommate is a [[Werewolf|werewolf]] (voiced by [[Christopher_Guest|Christopher Guest]]). | Ed goes into the hospital for a tonsillectomy where his roommate is a [[Werewolf|werewolf]] (voiced by [[Christopher_Guest|Christopher Guest]]).\n[H] 13 | \"The Irving Who Came to Dinner\" | TBA | December 3, 1988 (1988-12-03)\nIrving Cohen pays a visit and helps Ed reveal a couple of hucksters. | Irving Cohen pays a visit and helps Ed reveal a couple of hucksters. | Irving Cohen pays a visit and helps Ed reveal a couple of hucksters. | Irving Cohen pays a visit and helps Ed reveal a couple of hucksters.\nHome media releases\nOn January 29, 2013, Warner Home Video (through the [[Warner_Archive_Collection|Warner Archive]]) released The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley: The Complete Series on DVD in region 1 as part of their [[List_of_works_produced_by_Hanna-Barbera_Productions#Hanna-Barbera_Classics_Collection|Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection]].\nThis is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Warner's online store, MoviesUnlimited.com, and [[Amazon_(company)|Amazon.com]].\nIn addition, the episode \"Tall, Dark & Hansom\" is available on Warners' Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1980s Volume 1 DVD set, released on May 4, 2010.\nSee also\n- [[List_of_works_produced_by_Hanna-Barbera_Productions|List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions]]\n- [[Recurring_Saturday_Night_Live_characters_and_sketches|Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches]]"
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From 28 to 30 July, Greenbrier River sailed to Little Creek, Virginia for training in Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States, where she was assigned to LSMR Squadron 4.
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"[H] Chesapeake Bay | [H] Chesapeake Bay\n[H] Location | [[Maryland|Maryland]], [[Virginia|Virginia]]\n[H] Coordinates | \n[H] [[Body_of_water#Waterbody_types|Type]] | Estuary\n[H] Etymology | Chesepiooc, [[Algonquian_languages|Algonquian]] for village \"at a big river\"\n[H] [[Inflow_(hydrology)|Primary inflows]] | [[Susquehanna_River|Susquehanna River]] mouth\neast of [[Havre_de_Grace,_Maryland|Havre de Grace, Maryland]]\n[H] River sources | [[Deer_Creek_(Maryland)|Deer Creek]],\n[[Bush_River_(Maryland)|Bush River]],\n[[Gunpowder_River|Gunpowder River]],\n[[Back_River_(Virginia)|Back River]],\n[[Patapsco_River|Patapsco River]],\n[[Severn_River_(Maryland)|Severn River]],\n[[Patuxent_River|Patuxent River]],\n[[Potomac_River|Potomac River]],\n[[Rappahannock_River|Rappahannock River]],\n[[York_River_(Virginia)|York River]],\n[[James_River|James River]], [[Chester_River|Chester River]], Choptank River, [[Nanticoke_River|Nanticoke River]], [[Pocomoke_River|Pocomoke River]]\n[H] [[Discharge_(hydrology)|Primary outflows]] | [[Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]]\nnorth of [[Virginia_Beach,_Virginia|Virginia Beach, Virginia]]\n[H] [[Drainage_basin|Catchment area]] | 64,299 sq mi (166,530 km)\n[H] Max. length | 200 mi (320 km)\n[H] Max. width | 30 mi (48 km)\n[H] Surface area | 4,479 sq mi (11,600 km)\n[H] Average depth | 21 ft (6.4 m)\n[H] References | \n[H] [[Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Wetland]] | [H] [[Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Wetland]]\n[H] Official name | Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex\n[H] Designated | 4 June 1987\n[H] Reference no. | 375\nThe Chesapeake Bay ([[English|/ΛtΚΙsΙpiΛk/]] CHESS-Ι-peek) is the largest [[Estuary|estuary]] in the United States.\nThe Bay is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the [[Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]] by the [[Delmarva_Peninsula|Delmarva Peninsula]] (including the parts: the [[Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland|Eastern Shore of Maryland]] / [[Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia|Eastern Shore of Virginia]] and the state of [[Delaware|Delaware]]) with its mouth of the Bay at the south end located between Cape Henry and [[Cape_Charles_(headland)|Cape Charles]].\nWith its northern portion in Maryland and the southern part in Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay is a very important feature for the ecology and economy of those two states, as well as others surrounding within its watershed.\nMore than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the Bay's 64,299-square-mile (166,534 km) [[Drainage_basin|drainage basin]], which covers parts of six states ([[New_York_(state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[Delaware|Delaware]], Maryland, Virginia and [[West_Virginia|West Virginia]]) and all of [[Washington,_D.C.|Washington, D.C.]] / [[District_of_Columbia|District of Columbia]].\nThe Bay is approximately 200 miles (320 km) long from its northern headwaters in the [[Susquehanna_River|Susquehanna River]] to its outlet in the [[Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].\nIt is 2.8 miles (4.5 km) wide at its narrowest (between [[Kent_County,_Maryland|Kent County's]] Plum Point near Newtown in the east and the [[Harford_County,_Maryland|Harford County]] western shore near Romney Creek) and 30 miles (48 km) at its widest (just south of the mouth of the [[Potomac_River|Potomac River]] which divides Maryland from Virginia).\nTotal shoreline including tributaries is 11,684 miles (18,804 km), circumnavigating a surface area of 4,479 square miles (11,601 km).\nAverage depth is 21 feet (6.4 m), reaching a maximum of 174 feet (53 m).\nThe Bay is spanned twice, in Maryland by the [[Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge|Chesapeake Bay Bridge]] from [[Sandy_Point_State_Park|Sandy Point]] (near [[Annapolis|Annapolis]]) to [[Kent_Island,_Maryland|Kent Island]] and in Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting [[Virginia_Beach,_Virginia|Virginia Beach]] to [[Cape_Charles,_Virginia|Cape Charles]].\nKnown for both its beauty and bounty, the Bay has become \"emptier\", with fewer crabs, [[Oysters|oysters]] and [[Waterman_(occupation)|watermen]] (fishermen) since the mid-20th century.\n[[Nutrient_pollution|Nutrient pollution]] and [[Urban_runoff|urban runoff]] have been identified as major components of impaired water quality in the bay.\nThe decline of shellfish populations has also been linked to overharvesting.\nRestoration efforts that began in the 1990s have continued into the 21st century and show potential for growth of the native oyster population.\nThe health of the Chesapeake Bay improved in 2015, marking three years of gains over a four year period, according to a 2016 report by the University of Maryland.\nEtymology\nThe word Chesepiooc is an [[Algonquian_languages|Algonquian]] word referring to a village 'at a big river'.\nIt is the seventh oldest surviving English place-name in the United States, first applied as Chesepiook by explorers heading north from the [[Roanoke_Colony|Roanoke Colony]] into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586.\nThe name may also refer to the [[Chesapeake_people|Chesapeake people]] or the Chesepian, a Native American tribe who inhabited the area now known as South Hampton Roads in the U.S. state of Virginia.\nThey occupied an area that is now the Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach areas.\nIn 2005, Algonquian linguist [[Blair_Rudes|Blair Rudes]] \"helped to dispel one of the area's most widely held beliefs: that 'Chesapeake' means something like 'great shellfish bay'.\nIt does not, Rudes said.\nThe name might have actually meant something like 'great water', or it might have just referred to a village location at the Bay's mouth.\"\nPhysical geography\nGeology and formation\nThe Chesapeake Bay is an [[Estuary|estuary]] to the North Atlantic, lying between the [[Delmarva_Peninsula|Delmarva Peninsula]] to the east and the North American mainland to the west.\nIt is the [[Ria|ria]], or drowned valley, of the [[Susquehanna_River|Susquehanna River]], meaning that it was the alluvial plain where the river flowed when the sea level was lower.\nIt is not a [[Fjord|fjord]], because the [[Laurentide_Ice_Sheet|Laurentide Ice Sheet]] never reached as far south as the northernmost point on the Bay.\nNorth of [[Baltimore|Baltimore]], the western shore borders the hilly [[Piedmont_(United_States)|Piedmont]] region of Maryland; south of the city the Bay lies within the state's low-lying [[Atlantic_coastal_plain|coastal plain]], with sedimentary cliffs to the west, and flat islands, winding creeks and marshes to the east.\nThe large rivers entering the Bay from the west have broad mouths and are extensions of the main ria for miles up the course of each river.\nThe Bay's geology, its present form, and its very location were created by a [[Bolide|bolide]] [[Impact_event|impact event]] at the end of the [[Eocene|Eocene]] (about 35.5 million years ago), forming the [[Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater|Chesapeake Bay impact crater]] and much later the Susquehanna River valley.\nThe Bay was formed starting about 10,000 years ago when rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age flooded the Susquehanna River valley.\nParts of the Bay, especially the [[Calvert_County,_Maryland|Calvert County, Maryland]], coastline, are lined by cliffs composed of deposits from receding waters millions of years ago.\nThese cliffs, generally known as [[Calvert_Cliffs_State_Park|Calvert Cliffs]], are famous for their [[Fossil|fossils]], especially fossilized [[Shark|shark]] teeth, which are commonly found washed up on the beaches next to the cliffs.\nScientists' Cliffs is a beach community in Calvert County named for the desire to create a retreat for scientists when the community was founded in 1935.\nHydrology\nMuch of the Bay is shallow.\nAt the point where the Susquehanna River flows into the Bay, the average depth is 30 feet (9 m), although this soon diminishes to an average of 10 feet (3 m) southeast of the city of [[Havre_de_Grace,_Maryland|Havre de Grace, Maryland]], to about 35 feet (11 m) just north of Annapolis.\nOn average, the depth of the Bay is 21 feet (6.4 m), including tributaries; over 24 percent of the Bay is less than 6 ft (2 m) deep.\nBecause the Bay is an estuary, it has fresh water, salt water and [[Brackish|brackish]] water.\nBrackish water has three [[Salinity|salinity]] zones: oligohaline, mesohaline, and [[Polyhaline|polyhaline]].\nThe freshwater zone runs from the mouth of the Susquehanna River to north [[Baltimore,_Maryland|Baltimore]].\nThe oligohaline zone has very little salt.\nSalinity varies from 0.5 [[Concentration#\"Parts-per\"_notation|ppt]] (parts per thousand) to 10 ppt, and freshwater species can survive there.\nThe north end of the oligohaline zone is north Baltimore and the south end is the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.\nThe mesohaline zone has a medium amount of salt and runs from the Bay Bridge to the mouth of the [[Rappahannock_River|Rappahannock River]].\nSalinity there ranges from 1.07% to 1.8%.\nThe polyhaline zone is the saltiest zone, and some of the water can be as salty as sea water.\nIt runs from the mouth of the Rappahannock River to the mouth of the Bay.\nThe salinity ranges from 1.87% to 3.6%.\n(3.6% is as salty as the ocean.)\nThe climate of the area surrounding the Bay is primarily humid subtropical, with hot, very humid summers and cold to mild winters.\nOnly the area around the mouth of the Susquehanna River is continental in nature, and the mouth of the Susquehanna River and the Susquehanna [[Mudflat|flats]] often freeze in winter.\nIt is rare for the surface of the Bay to freeze in winter, something that happened most recently in the winter of 1976β77.\nThe largest rivers flowing directly into the Bay, from north to south, are:\n- [[Susquehanna_River|Susquehanna River]]\n- [[Patapsco_River|Patapsco River]]\n- [[Chester_River|Chester River]]\n- Miles River\n- Choptank River\n- [[Patuxent_River|Patuxent River]]\n- [[Nanticoke_River|Nanticoke River]]\n- [[Potomac_River|Potomac River]]\n- [[Pocomoke_River|Pocomoke River]]\n- [[Rappahannock_River|Rappahannock River]]\n- [[York_River_(Virginia)|York River]]\n- [[James_River_(Virginia)|James River]]\nFlora and fauna\nThe Chesapeake Bay is home to numerous fauna that either migrate to the Bay at some point during the year or live there year-round.\nThere are over 300 species of [[Fish|fish]] and numerous [[Shellfish|shellfish]] and [[Crab|crab]] species.\nSome of these include the [[Atlantic_menhaden|Atlantic menhaden]], [[Striped_bass|striped bass]], [[American_eel|American eel]], [[Eastern_oyster|eastern oyster]], [[Atlantic_horseshoe_crab|Atlantic horseshoe crab]], and the [[Callinectes_sapidus|blue crab]].\nBirds include [[Osprey|ospreys]], [[Great_blue_heron|great blue herons]], [[Bald_eagle|bald eagles]], and [[Peregrine_falcon|peregrine falcons]], the last two of which were threatened by [[DDT|DDT]]; their numbers plummeted but have risen in recent years.\nThe [[Piping_plover|piping plover]] is a [[Near_threatened|near threatened]] species that inhabits the wetlands.\nLarger fish such as [[Atlantic_sturgeon|Atlantic sturgeon]], varieties of [[Shark|sharks]], and [[Stingray|stingrays]] visit the Chesapeake Bay.\nThe waters of the Chesapeake Bay have been regarded one of the most important nursery areas for sharks along the east coast.\n[[Megafauna|Megafaunas]] such as [[Bull_shark|bull sharks]], [[Tiger_shark|tiger sharks]], [[Scalloped_hammerhead_shark|scalloped hammerhead sharks]], and [[Basking_shark|basking sharks]] and [[Manta_ray|manta rays]] are also known to visit.\n[[Bottlenose_dolphin|Bottlenose dolphins]] are known to live seasonally/yearly in the Bay.\nThere have been unconfirmed sightings of [[Humpback_whale|humpback whales]] in recent years.\nEndangered [[North_Atlantic_right_whale|North Atlantic right whale]] and [[Fin_whale|fin]], and [[Minke_whale|minke]] and [[Sei_whale|sei]] whales have also been sighted within and in the vicinity of the Bay.\nAlthough the Bay is farther north than its typical habitat range, a male [[Manatee|manatee]] visited the Bay several times between 1994 and 2011.\nThe manatee, recognizable due to distinct markings on its body, was nicknamed \"Chessie\" after a [[Chessie_(sea_monster)|legendary sea monster]] that was allegedly sighted in the Bay during the 20th century.\nThe same manatee has been spotted as far north as [[Rhode_Island|Rhode Island]], and was the first manatee known to travel so far north.\nOther manatees are occasionally seen in the Bay and its tributaries, which contain sea grasses that are part of the manatee's diet.\n[[Loggerhead_turtle|Loggerhead turtles]] are known to visit the Bay.\nThe Chesapeake Bay is also home to a diverse flora, both land and aquatic.\nCommon [[Submerged_aquatic_vegetation|submerged aquatic vegetation]] includes [[Zostera|eelgrass]] and [[Ruppia_maritima|widgeon grass]].\nA report in 2011 suggested that information on underwater grasses would be released, because \"submerged grasses provide food and habitat for a number of species, adding oxygen to the water and improving water clarity.\"\nOther vegetation that makes its home in other parts of the Bay are [[Wild_rice|wild rice]], various trees like the [[Red_maple|red maple]], [[Pinus_taeda|loblolly pine]] and [[Bald_cypress|bald cypress]], and [[Spartina|spartina]] grass and phragmites.\n[[Invasive_species|Invasive plants]] have taken a significant foothold in the Bay; plants such as [[Egeria_densa|Brazilian waterweed]], native to South America, have spread to most continents with the help of aquarium owners, who often dump the contents of their aquariums into nearby lakes and streams.\nIt is highly invasive, and has the potential to flourish in the low-salinity tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay.\nDense stands of Brazilian waterweed can restrict water movement, trap sediment and affect water quality.\nVarious local K-12 schools in the Maryland and Virginia region often have programs that cultivate native bay grasses and plant them in the Bay.\nHistory\nEuropean exploration and settlement\nIn 1524, Italian explorer [[Giovanni_da_Verrazzano|Giovanni da Verrazzano]], (1485β1528), in service of the [[Kingdom_of_France|French crown]], (famous for sailing through and thereafter naming the entrance to New York Bay as the \"Verrazzano Narrows\", including now in the 20th century, a suspension bridge also named for [[Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge|him]]) sailed past the Chesapeake, but did not enter the Bay.\nSpanish explorer [[Lucas_VaΜsquez_de_AylloΜn|Lucas VaΜsquez de AylloΜn]] sent an expedition out from [[Hispaniola|Hispaniola]] in 1525 that reached the mouths of the Chesapeake and [[Delaware_Bay|Delaware Bays]].\nIt may have been the first European expedition to explore parts of the Chesapeake Bay, which the Spaniards called \"BahiΜa de Santa MariΜa\" (\"Bay of St. Mary\") or \"BahiΜa de Madre de Dios.\n\"(\"Bay of the Mother of God\") De AylloΜn established a short-lived [[Kingdom_of_Spain|Spanish]] mission settlement, [[San_Miguel_de_Gualdape|San Miguel de Gualdape]], in 1526 along the [[Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic coast]].\nMany scholars doubt the assertion that it was as far north as the Chesapeake; most place it in present-day [[Georgia_(U.S._state)|Georgia]]'s [[Sapelo_Island|Sapelo Island]].\nIn 1573, [[Pedro_MeneΜndez_de_MaΜrquez|Pedro MeneΜndez de MaΜrquez]], the governor of Spanish Florida, conducted further exploration of the Chesapeake.\nIn 1570, Spanish [[Jesuits|Jesuits]] established the short-lived Ajacan Mission on one of the Chesapeake tributaries in present-day Virginia.\nThe arrival of [[England|English]] colonists under [[Sir_Walter_Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]] and [[Humphrey_Gilbert|Humphrey Gilbert]] in the late 16th century to found a colony, later settled at [[Roanoke_Island|Roanoke Island]] (off the present-day coast of [[North_Carolina|North Carolina]]) for the [[Virginia_Company|Virginia Company]], marked the first time that the English approached the gates to the Chesapeake Bay between the capes of [[Cape_Charles_(headland)|Cape Charles]] and Cape Henry.\nThree decades later, in 1607, Europeans again entered the Bay.\n[[Captain_John_Smith|Captain John Smith]] of [[Kingdom_of_England|England]] explored and mapped the Bay between 1607 and 1609, resulting in the publication in 1612 back in the [[British_Isles|British Isles]] of \"A Map of Virginia\".\nSmith wrote in his journal: \"Heaven and earth have never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation.\"\nThe new laying out of the \"[[Captain_John_Smith_Chesapeake_National_Historic_Trail|Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail]]\", the United States' first designated \"all-water\" [[National_Historic_Trail|National Historic Trail]], was created in July 2006, by the [[National_Park_Service|National Park Service]] of the [[United_States_Department_of_the_Interior|U.S.\nDepartment of the Interior]] following the route of Smith's historic 17th-century voyage.\nBecause of economic hardships and civil strife in the \"Mother Land\", there was a mass migration of southern English [[Cavalier|Cavaliers]] and their servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675, to both of the new colonies of the [[Province_of_Virginia|Province of Virginia]] and the [[Province_of_Maryland|Province of Maryland]].\nAmerican Revolution to the present\nThe Chesapeake Bay was the site of the [[Battle_of_the_Chesapeake|Battle of the Chesapeake]] (also known as the \"Battle of the Capes\", [[Cape_Charles_(headland)|Cape Charles]] and Cape Henry) in 1781, during which the French fleet defeated the [[Royal_Navy|Royal Navy]] in the decisive naval battle of the [[American_Revolutionary_War|American Revolutionary War]].\nThe British defeat enabled [[George_Washington|General George Washington]] and his [[Kingdom_of_France|French]] allied armies under [[Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_Comte_de_Rochambeau|Comte de Rochambeau]] to march down from [[History_of_New_York_City|New York]] and bottle up the rampaging southern [[British_Army|British Army]] of [[Lord_Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] from the [[North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution|North]] and South Carolinas at the siege of [[Siege_of_Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]] in [[Yorktown,_Virginia|Yorktown, Virginia]].\nTheir marching route from [[Newport,_Rhode_Island|Newport, Rhode Island]] through Connecticut, New York State, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware to the [[Elkton,_Maryland|\"Head of Elk\"]] by the [[Susquehanna_River|Susquehanna River]] along the shores and also partially sailing down the Bay to [[History_of_Virginia|Virginia]].\nIt is also the subject of a designated [[National_Historic_Trail|National Historic Trail]] under the [[National_Park_Service|National Park Service]] as the [[Washington-Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route|Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route]].\nThe Bay would again see conflict during War of 1812.\nDuring the year of 1813, from their base on [[Tangier_Island|Tangier Island]], British naval forces under the command of Admiral [[George_Cockburn|George Cockburn]] raided and plundered several towns on the shores of the Chesapeake, treating the Bay as if it were a \"British Lake\".\nThe [[Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla|Chesapeake Bay Flotilla]], a fleet of shallow-draft armed barges under the command of [[United_States_Navy|U.S.\nNavy]] Commodore [[Joshua_Barney|Joshua Barney]], was assembled to stall British shore raids and attacks.\nAfter months of harassment by Barney, the British landed on the west side of the Patuxent at [[Benedict,_Maryland|Benedict, Maryland]], the Chesapeake Flotilla was scuttled, and the British trekked overland to [[Burning_of_Washington|burn the U.S. Capitol]] in August 1814.\nA few days later in a \"pincer attack\", they also sailed up the [[Potomac_River|Potomac River]] to attack [[Fort_Washington_(Maryland)|Fort Washington]] below the National Capital and demanded a ransom from the nearby port town of [[Alexandria,_Virginia|Alexandria, Virginia]].\nThere were so-called \"[[Oyster_Wars|Oyster Wars]]\" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nUntil the mid-20th century, oyster harvesting rivaled the crab industry among Chesapeake watermen, a dwindling breed whose [[Skipjack_(boat)|skipjacks]] and other workboats were supplanted by recreational craft in the latter part of the century.\nIn the 1960s, the [[Calvert_Cliffs_Nuclear_Power_Plant|Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant]] on the historic [[Calvert_Cliffs_State_Park|Calvert Cliffs]] in [[Calvert_County,_Maryland|Calvert County]] on the Western Shore of Maryland began using water from the Bay to cool its reactor.\nNavigation\nThe Chesapeake Bay forms a link in the Intracoastal Waterway, of the bays, sounds and inlets between the off-shore barrier islands and the coastal mainland along the [[Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic coast]] connecting the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (linking the Bay to the north and the [[Delaware_River|Delaware River]]) with the [[Albemarle_and_Chesapeake_Canal|Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal]] (linking the Bay, to the south, via the [[Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)|Elizabeth River]], by the cities of [[Norfolk,_Virginia|Norfolk]] and [[Portsmouth,_Virginia|Portsmouth]] to the Albemarle Sound and [[Pamlico_Sound|Pamlico Sound]] in [[North_Carolina|North Carolina]] and further to the Sea Islands of Georgia).\nA busy shipping channel (dredged by the [[United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers|U.S.\nArmy Corps of Engineers]] since the 1850s) runs the length of the Bay, is an important transit route for large vessels entering or leaving the [[Helen_Delich_Bentley_Port_of_Baltimore|Port of Baltimore]], and further north through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to the ports of [[Wilmington,_Delaware|Wilmington]] and [[Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] on the [[Delaware_River|Delaware River]].\nDuring the later half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, the Bay was plied by passenger steamships and packet boat lines connecting the various cities on it, notably the [[Baltimore_Steam_Packet_Company|Baltimore Steam Packet Company]] (\"Old Bay Line\").\nIn the later 20th century, a series of road crossings were built.\nOne, the [[Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge|Chesapeake Bay Bridge]] (also known as the Governor William Preston Lane, Jr. Memorial Bridge) between the state capital of [[Annapolis,_Maryland|Annapolis, Maryland]] and [[Matapeake,_Maryland|Matapeake]] on the [[Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland|Eastern Shore]], crossing [[Kent_Island,_Maryland|Kent Island]], was constructed 1949β1952.\nA second, parallel, span was added in 1973.\nThe Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, connecting [[Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia|Virginia's Eastern Shore]] with its mainland (at the metropolitan areas of [[Virginia_Beach,_Virginia|Virginia Beach]], [[Norfolk,_Virginia|Norfolk]], [[Portsmouth,_Virginia|Portsmouth]], and [[Chesapeake,_Virginia|Chesapeake]]), is approximately 20 miles (32 km) long; it has trestle bridges as well as two stretches of two-mile-long (3.2 km) tunnels that allow unimpeded shipping; the bridge is supported by four 5.25-acre (21,200 m) man-made islands.\nThe Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel was opened for two lanes in 1964 and four lanes in 1999.\nTides\n[[Tide|Tides]] in the Chesapeake Bay exhibit an interesting and unique behavior due to the nature of the topography (both horizontal and vertical shape), wind driven circulation, and how the Bay interacts with oceanic tides.\nResearch into the peculiar behavior of tides both at the northern and southern extents of the Bay began in the late 1970s.\nOne study noted sea level fluctuations at periods of 5 days, driven by sea level changes at the Bay's mouth on the Atlantic coast and local lateral winds, and 2.5 days, caused by resonant oscillations driven by local longitudinal winds, while another study later found that the geometry of the Bay permits for a resonant period of 1.46 days.\nA good example of how the different Chesapeake Bay sites experience different tides can be seen in the tidal predictions published by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (see figure at right).\nAt the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel (CBBT) site, which lies at the southernmost point of the Bay where it meets the [[Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]] near [[Norfolk,_Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]], and the capes of [[Cape_Charles_(headland)|Charles]] and Henry, there is a distinct semi-diurnal tide throughout the lunar month, with small amplitude modulations during spring (new/full moon) vs. neap (one/three quarter moon) tidal periods.\nThe main forcing of the CBBT tides are typical, semi-diurnal ocean tides that the East Coast of the United States experiences.\nBaltimore, in the northern portion of the Bay, experiences a noticeable modulation to form its mixed tidal nature during spring vs. neap tides.\nSpring tides, when the sun-earth-moon system forms a line, cause the largest tidal amplitudes during lunar monthly tidal variations.\nIn contrast, neap tides, when the sun-earth-moon system forms a right angle, are muted, and in a semi-diurnal tidal system (such as that seen at the CBBT site) this can be seen as a lowest intertidal range.\nTwo interesting points that arise from comparing these two sites at opposite ends of the Bay are their tidal characteristics - semi-diurnal tide for CBBT and mixed tide for Baltimore (due to resonance in the Bay) - and the differences in amplitude (due to dissipation in the Bay).\nEconomy\nFishing industry\nThe Bay is mostly known for its seafood production, especially blue crabs, [[Clam|clams]] and oysters.\nIn the middle of the 20th century, the Bay supported 9,000 full-time watermen, according to one account.\nToday, the body of water is less productive than it used to be because of [[Surface_runoff|runoff]] from [[Urban_area|urban areas]] (mostly on the Western Shore) and farms (especially on the [[Maryland_Eastern_Shore|Eastern Shore]] and in the Susquehanna River watershed), over-harvesting, and [[Invasive_species|invasion of foreign species]].\nThe plentiful oyster harvests led to the development of the [[Skipjack_(boat)|skipjack]], the state boat of Maryland, which is the only remaining working boat type in the United States still under sail power.\nOther characteristic bay-area workboats include sail-powered boats such as the [[Log_canoe|log canoe]], the [[Pungy|pungy]], the [[Bugeye_(boat)|bugeye]], and the motorized [[Chesapeake_Bay_deadrise|Chesapeake Bay deadrise]], the state boat of Virginia.\nIn contrast to harvesting wild oysters, [[Oyster_farming|oyster farming]] is a growing industry for the Bay to help maintain the estuary's productivity as well as a natural effort for filtering impurities such as [[Nutrient_pollution|excess nutrients]] from the water in an effort to reduce the effects of man-made [[Water_pollution|pollution]].\nThe [[Chesapeake_Bay_Program|Chesapeake Bay Program]] is using oysters to reduce the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the Chesapeake Bay.\nOysters are hermaphroditic and will change gender at least once during their lifetime, often starting as male and ending as female; there are numerous ways to cook and eat them, as well as recipes and sauces to accompany oyster dishes.\nOne account:\nThe Bay is famous for its rockfish, a regional name for [[Striped_bass|striped bass]].\nOnce on the verge of extinction, rockfish have made a significant comeback because of legislative action that put a moratorium on rockfishing, which allowed the species to re-populate.\nRockfish can now be fished in strictly controlled and limited quantities.\nTourism and recreation\nThe Chesapeake Bay is a main feature for tourists who visit Maryland and Virginia each year.\nFishing, crabbing, swimming, boating, kayaking, and sailing are extremely popular activities enjoyed on the waters of the Chesapeake Bay.\nAs a result, tourism has a notable impact on Maryland's economy.\nOne report suggested that Annapolis was an appealing spot for families, water sports and boating.\nCommentator Terry Smith spoke about the Bay's beauty:\nOne account suggested how the Chesapeake attracts people:\nThe Chesapeake Bay plays an important role in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania's economies, in addition to the ecosystem.\nThe nature-based recreation of wildlife, boating, and ecotourism are dependent on the Clean Water Act (CWA), that was enacted in order to maintain a polluted-free Bay.\nIn 2006, \"roughly eight million wildlife watchers spent $636 million, $960 million, and $1.4 billion in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.\"\n-Carrie Grisham, Chesapeake Bay Foundation, 2009\nCuisine\nIn [[Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies|colonial]] times, simple cooking techniques were used to create one pot meals like ham and potato [[Casserole|casserole]], clam chowder, or stews with common ingredients like oysters, chicken or venison.\nWhen John Smith landed in Chesapeake in 1608 he wrote: \"The fish were so thick, we attempted to catch them with frying pans\".\nCommon regional ingredients in the local cuisine of Chesapeake included [[Terrapin|terrapins]], smoked hams, blue crab, shellfish, local fish, game meats and various species of waterfowl.\nBlue crab continues to be an especially popular regional specialty.\nPollution\nIn the 1970s, the Chesapeake Bay was found to contain one of the planet's first identified [[Marine_dead_zone|marine dead zones]], where waters were so depleted of oxygen that they were unable to support life, resulting in massive [[Fish_kill|fish kills]].\nToday the Bay's dead zones are estimated to kill 75,000 tons of bottom-dwelling clams and worms each year, weakening the base of the estuary's [[Food_chain|food chain]] and robbing the blue crab in particular of a primary food source.\nCrabs are sometimes observed to amass on shore to escape pockets of oxygen-poor water, a behavior known as a \"crab jubilee\".\n[[Hypoxia_(environmental)|Hypoxia]] results in part from large [[Algal_bloom|algal blooms]], which are nourished by the runoff of residential, farm and industrial [[Wastewater|waste]] throughout the watershed.\nOne report in 2010 criticized [[Amish|Amish]] farmers for having cows that \"generate heaps of manure that easily washes into streams and flows onward into the Chesapeake Bay\".\nThe pollution entering the bay has multiple components that contribute to the algal bloom, principally the nutrients [[Phosphorus|phosphorus]] and [[Nitrogen|nitrogen]].\nThe algae prevents sunlight from reaching the bottom of the Bay while alive and deoxygenates the Bay's water when it dies and rots.\nSoil erosion and runoff of [[Sediment|sediment]] into the Bay, exacerbated by devegetation, construction and the prevalence of pavement in urban and suburban areas, also blocks vital sunlight.\nThe resulting loss of [[Aquatic_plant|aquatic vegetation]] has depleted the habitat for much of the Bay's animal life.\nBeds of [[Zostera|eelgrass]], the dominant variety in the southern Chesapeake Bay, have shrunk by more than half there since the early 1970s.\nOverharvesting, pollution, sedimentation and disease have turned much of the Bay's bottom into a muddy wasteland.\nOne particularly harmful source of [[Toxicity|toxicity]] is [[Pfiesteria_piscicida|Pfiesteria piscicida]], which can affect both fish and humans.\nPfiesteria caused a small regional panic in the late 1990s when a series of large blooms started killing large numbers of fish while giving swimmers mysterious rashes; nutrient runoff from chicken farms was blamed for the growth.\nThe Bay has improved slightly in terms of the overall health of its ecosystem, earning a rating of 31 out of 100 in 2010, up from 28 in 2008.\nAn estimate in 2006 from a \"blue ribbon panel\" said cleanup costs would be $15 billion.\nCompounding the problem is that 100,000 new residents move to the area each year.\nA report in 2008 in The Washington Post suggested that government administrators had overstated progress on cleanup efforts as a way to \"preserve the flow of federal and state money to the project.\"\nIn January 2011, there were reports that millions of fish had died, but officials suggested it was probably the result of extremely cold weather.\nDepletion of oysters\nWhile the Bay's salinity is ideal for oysters and the oyster fishery was at one time the Bay's most commercially viable, the population has in the last fifty years been devastated.\nMaryland once had roughly 200,000 acres (810 km) of oyster reefs.\nToday it has about 36,000.\nIt has been estimated that in pre-colonial times, oysters could filter the entirety of the Bay in about 3.3 days; by 1988 this time had increased to 325 days.\nThe harvest's gross value decreased 88% from 1982 to 2007.\nOne report suggested the Bay had fewer oysters in 2008 than 25 years earlier.\nThe primary problem is overharvesting.\nLax government regulations allow anyone with a license to remove oysters from state-owned beds, and although limits are set, they are not strongly enforced.\nThe overharvesting of oysters has made it difficult for them to reproduce, which requires close proximity to one another.\nA second cause for the oyster depletion is that the drastic increase in human population caused a sharp increase in pollution flowing into the Bay.\nThe Bay's oyster industry has also suffered from two diseases: [[Haplosporidium_nelsoni|MSX]] and [[Perkinsus_marinus|Dermo]].\nThe depletion of oysters has had a particularly harmful effect on the quality of the Bay.\nOysters serve as natural water filters, and their decline has further reduced the water quality of the Bay.\nWater that was once clear for meters is now so [[Turbidity|turbid]] that a wader may lose sight of his feet while his knees are still dry.\nRestoration efforts\nEfforts of federal, state and local governments, working in partnership through the [[Chesapeake_Bay_Program|Chesapeake Bay Program]], an intergovernmental coalition, along with the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and other nonprofit environmental groups, to restore or at least maintain the current [[Water_quality|water quality]], have had mixed results.\nOne particular obstacle to cleaning up the Bay is that much of the polluting substances are discharged far upstream in [[Tributary|tributaries]] lying within states far removed from the Bay: New York and Pennsylvania.\nDespite the State of Maryland spending over $100 million to restore the Bay, conditions have continued to grow worse.\nIn the mid-20th century, the Bay supported over 6,000 oystermen.\nAs of 2008 there were fewer than 500.\nIn June 2000, the Chesapeake Bay Program adopted Chesapeake 2000, an agreement adopted by the member jurisdictions, intended to guide restoration activities throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed through 2010.\nOne component of this agreement was a series of upgrades to [[Sewage_treatment|sewage treatment]] plants throughout the watershed.\nIn 2016 the [[U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency|U.S.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) stated that the upgrades \"have resulted in steep reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus pollution... despite increases in human population and wastewater volume.\"\nRestoration efforts that began in the 1990s have continued into the 21st century and show potential for growth of the native oyster population.\nEfforts to repopulate the Bay using oyster hatcheries have been carried out by a group called the Oyster Recovery Partnership, with some success.\nIn 2011 the group placed 6 million oysters on eight acres (32,000 m) of the Trent Hall sanctuary.\nScientists from the [[Virginia_Institute_of_Marine_Science|Virginia Institute of Marine Science]] at the [[College_of_William_&_Mary|College of William & Mary]] claim that experimental reefs created in 2004 now house 180 million native oysters, [[Crassostrea_virginica|Crassostrea virginica]], which is far fewer than the billions that once existed.\nThe health of the Chesapeake Bay improved in 2015, marking three years of gains over a four year period, according to a 2016 report by the University of Maryland.\nUnderwater Archaeology in the Chesapeake Bay\n[[Underwater_archaeology|Underwater archaeology]] is a subfield of archaeology that focuses on the exploration of submerged archaeological sites in seas, rivers, and other bodies of water.\nIn 1988, the Maryland Maritime Archeology Program (MMAP) was established with the goal to manage and explore the various underwater archaeological sites that line the Chesapeake Bay.\nThis was in response to the [[Abandoned_Shipwrecks_Act|National Abandoned Shipwreck Act]] passed in 1987, which gave ownership of historically significant shipwrecks to those states with proper management programs.\nWater makes up 25% of the State of Maryland and there are over 550 submerged archaeological sites that have been located across the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding watersheds.\nRanging from 12,000 year old, precolonial native settlements to shipwrecks from as recent as World War 2, the MMAP researches thousands of years worth of history in these archaeological sites.\nSusan Langley, PhD has been Maryland's State Underwater Archaeologist, one of only nine state appointed underwater archaeologists in the United States, since assuming the role in 1995.\nBefore Langley was hired, only 1% of the underwater archaeological sites in the Chesapeake Bay area had been examined.\nOver the next 10 years, Langley made significant improvements to the MMAP's marine technology, allowing her and her team to explore 34% of the underwater archaeological sites by 2004.\nProcess of Underwater Archaeology\nThe Chesapeake Bay watershed has been heavily impacted by natural forces such as erosion, tides, and a history of hurricanes and other storms.\nAlong with environmental factors, the Chesapeake Bay has been negatively impacted by humans since being settled in the 17th century, bringing with them problems like pollution, construction, and destruction of the environment.\nAll of these circumstances have made it increasingly difficult for the MMAP to identify potential underwater archaeological sites.\nAs sea levels rise and historically significant areas are sunk and covered in sediment, the MMAP relies on various pieces of equipment to locate these man-made anomalies but also ensure that the material being examined is kept intact.\nUsing marine magnetometers(detects iron/absent space), side-scan sonar,(detects objects on sea floor), along with precise global positioning systems, Langley and the MMAP have been much more successful in locating submerged archaeological sites.\nAfter locating the site, Langley and her team have a strict process in order to preserve the site and its contents, allowing more accurate and thorough research to be conducted.\nThe remains of nearly every site have been submerged in saltwater for sometimes centuries, the integrity of shipwrecks and other materials are fragile and careful precaution must be used when working with them.\nTaking photos and videos, creating maps, and constructing models are all apart of the process of preserving remains.\nSusan Langley notes herself, \"If you have only ten percent of a ship's hull, you can reconstruct the ship.\nConstruction techniques can tell us about the people who built the vessels, artifacts can tell us about the people who profited from the ship's trade, and eco-factsβevidence of insect infestation and organic remains, such as seeds, that are preserved in anoerobic, muddy environmentsβcan tell us about the climate and season when a ship sank.\"\nStill, the MMAP makes it a point to publish their data and information once a site is officially identified, however the details of the location are left out to sway would be looters, who have plagued marine archaeologists for decades.\nSignificant Sites in the Chesapeake Bay\nAll together there are more than 1,800 ship and boat wrecks that scatter the bottom of the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding waterways.\nDozens of precolonial era canoes and artifacts have been extracted from the bay, helping to portray a better picture of the lives of Native Americans(Powhatan, Pamunkey, Nansemond, etc.) In 2014, underwater archaeologists identified the skull of a prehistoric [[Mastodon|mastodon]], which through carbon dating was found to be 22,000 years old.\nAlong with the skull, a carved blade was also discovered in the same area.\nUnable to accurately carbon date the stone tool, archaeologists looked at similar styles of blade carving in order to gauge when it was made.\nThe technique was similar to the Solutrean tools that were crafted in Europe between 22,000 and 17,000 years ago and it was noted that the stone tool must be at least 14,000 years old.\nThis challenges the previous theory regarding the first inhabitants of North America, where as its commonly accepted amongst anthropologists that the [[Clovis_culture|Clovis]] people were the first to settle the region somewhere around 13,000 years ago.\nThere is some controversy surrounding these findings, many anthropologists have disputed, this claiming that the environment and setting makes properly identifying the origins of these artifacts nearly impossible.\nThe [[Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla|Chesapeake Bay Flotilla]] , which was constructed using shallow barges and ships to provide a blockade to the British during the War of 1812.\nAfter holding strong for some months, the British eventually dispersed the flotilla and dozens of these vessels were burnt and sunk.\nStarting in 1978, there were numerous expeditions launched in hopes of successfully discovering what was left of the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla.\nSince then, hundreds of artifacts and remains have been extracted from the submerged ships such as weapons, personal items, and many other objects.\nUnderwater archaeologists have also been successful in constructing accurate models and maps of the wreckage amongst the sea floor.\nIn October of 1774, a British merchant ship arrived at the port of [[Annapolis,_Maryland|Annapolis]] loaded with tea disguised as linens and garments.\nThe tea was hidden by the British to avoid conflict with the colonists as the recently imposed tea tax had created hostility and unsureness among the colonies.\nNamed [[Peggy_Stewart_(ship)|Peggy Stewart]], the British vessel arrived and attempted to tax the colonists for the purchased tea.\nThe colonists refused to pay the tax and after a few days of public meetings, the colonists decided to burn Peggy Stewart and the contents of it.\nThe British ship was sunk in what became known as the 'Annapolis Tea Party' and has since become an important site for underwater archaeologists in the Chesapeake Bay.\nIn 1949, after the Nazi's defeat in World War 2, the United States seized a [[German_submarine_U-1105|German U-1105]] built with sonar-evading rubber sheathing for study purposes.\nIt was sunk the same year in the Potomac River off of the Chesapeake Bay following a high explosives test hosted by the U.S. Navy and has since been a popular site for underwater archaeologists.\nMaryland has controlled the majority of underwater archaeology research around the Chesapeake Bay, however Virginia's Department of Historic Resources have had a State Underwater Archaeologist since the 1970s.\nIn 1982, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources along with the first State Underwater Archaeologist, John Broadwater, led an expedition to explore and research a sunken fleet of Revolution-era battleships.\nIn September of 1781, during the Revolutionary War, the British intentionally sunk more than a dozen ships in the [[York_River_(Virginia)|York River]], near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay.\nLed by [[Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis|Lord Charles Cornwallis]], a fleet of British ships was pushed back towards the rivers of the Chesapeake, in a desperate attempt to avoid surrendering, Cornwallis began burning and sinking his own vessels with the hopes of stalling the incoming French and American ships.\nCornwallis was eventually forced to surrender on October 19th and the ships along with its contents were at the bottom of the York River.\nOne of the British ships, called Betsy, has been explored more than any other and over 5,000 relics were removed from Betsy on their original expedition in 1982, including weapons, personal objects, and some valuable metals.\nBroadwater and his team were awarded a 20-page article in the magazine National Geographic for their findings.\nVirginia has recently been granted funding for further research of these sunken vessels and expeditions are currently underway with the goal to fully explore this destroyed fleet of British ships.\nUnfortunately, following the publicity of these sunken ships, many divers have taken it upon themselves to explore the wreckage for 'treasure'.\nPublications\nThere are several magazines and publications that cover topics directly related to the Chesapeake Bay and life and tourism within the Bay region.\n[[The_Capital|The Capital]], a newspaper based in Annapolis, reports about news pertaining to the Western Shore of Maryland and the Annapolis area.\n[[Chesapeake_Bay_Magazine|Chesapeake Bay Magazine]] and PropTalk focus on powerboating, while SpinSheet focuses on sailing.\nWhat's Up Magazine is a free monthly publication with special issues focused on Annapolis and the Eastern Shore.\nBay Weekly is the Chesapeake Bay region's independent newspaper.\nCultural depictions\nIn literature\n- [[Beautiful_Swimmers:_Watermen,_Crabs_and_the_Chesapeake_Bay|Beautiful Swimmers: Watermen, Crabs and the Chesapeake Bay]] (1976) is a [[Pulitzer_Prize|Pulitzer Prize]]-winning non-fiction book by [[William_W._Warner|William W. Warner]] about the Chesapeake Bay, blue crabs and watermen.\n- [[Chesapeake_(novel)|Chesapeake]], a 1978 novel by author [[James_A._Michener|James A. Michener]]\n- [[John_Barth|John Barth]] wrote two novels featuring Chesapeake Bay; Sabbatical: A Romance (1982) centered on a yacht race through the Bay, and The Tidewater Tales (1987) detailed a married couple telling stories to each other as they cruise the Bay.\n- [[Jacob_Have_I_Loved|Jacob Have I Loved]] (1980) by [[Katherine_Paterson|Katherine Paterson]], winner of the 1981 [[Newbery_Medal|Newbery Medal]]. This is a novel about the relationship between two sisters in a waterman family who grow up on an island in the Bay.\n- In [[Tom_Clancy|Tom Clancy]]'s 1987 book [[Patriot_Games|Patriot Games]], the main protagonist Jack Ryan lives on the fictional Peregrine Cliffs, which overlook the Chesapeake Bay.\n- In Clancy's 1993 book, [[Without_Remorse|Without Remorse]], the protagonist John Kelly (later known as [[John_Clark_(Tom_Clancy_character)|John Clark]] when he goes to work for the CIA), lives on a boat and an island on the Bay.\n- Class conflict between waterman people and wealthy newcomers was portrayed in [[Priscilla_Cummings|Priscilla Cummings]]'s novel [[Red_Kayak|Red Kayak]].\n- Cynthia Voigt's Tillerman series, starting with [[Dicey's_Song|Dicey's Song]], are set in [[Crisfield|Crisfield]] on the Chesapeake Bay.\nIn film\n- [[The_Bay_(film)|The Bay]], a 2012 [[Found_footage_(pseudo-documentary)|found footage]]-style eco-horror movie about a [[Pandemic|pandemic]] due to deadly pollution from chicken factory farm run-off and mutant [[Isopods|isopods]] and aquatic parasites able to infect humans.\nOther media\nSinger and songwriter Tom Wisner recorded several albums, often about the Chesapeake Bay.\n[[The_Boston_Globe|The Boston Globe]] wrote that Wisner \"always tried to capture the voice of the water and the sky, of the rocks and the trees, of the fish and the birds, of the gods of nature he believed still watched over it all.\"\nHe was known as the Bard of the Chesapeake Bay.\nThe 1976 hit \"[[Moonlight_Feels_Right|Moonlight Feels Right]]\" by [[Starbuck_(band)|Starbuck]] refers to Chesapeake Bay: \"I'll take you on a trip beside the ocean / And drop the top at Chesapeake Bay.\"\nSee also\n- [[Chesapeake_Bay_Interpretive_Buoy_System|Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoy System]]\n- [[Chesapeake_Bay_Retriever|Chesapeake Bay Retriever]]\n- Chesapeake Climate Action Network\n- [[Chesepian|Chesepian]]\n- Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation\n- [[Great_Ireland|Great Ireland]]\n- [[List_of_islands_in_Maryland|List of islands in Maryland]] (with the islands in the Bay)\n- [[National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve|National Estuarine Research Reserve]]\n- Old Bay Seasoning\n\n[H] History | [H] History\n[H] United States | [H] United States\nName: | USS LSM(R)-507\nNamesake: | [[Greenbrier_River|Greenbrier River]]\nBuilder: | [[Brown_Shipbuilding_Company|Brown Shipbuilding Company]]\nLaid down: | 31 March 1945\nLaunched: | 28 April 1945\nCommissioned: | 22 June 1945\nDecommissioned: | 5 February 1947\nRenamed: | Greenbrier River, 1 October 1955\nStricken: | 1 October 1958\n[H] General characteristics | [H] General characteristics\nClass and type: | [[LSM(R)-501-class_landing_ship_medium|LSM(R)-501-class]] [[Landing_ship_medium|landing ship medium]]\nDisplacement: | 1,175 long tons (1,194 t) full\nLength: | 203 ft 6 in (62.03 m)\nBeam: | 34 ft (10 m)\nDraft: | 7 ft 9 in (2.36 m)\nPropulsion: | [[General_Motors|General Motors]] Cleveland diesel, 2,800 hp (2,088 kW), 2 screws; direct drive\nSpeed: | 13 [[Knot_(unit)|knots]] (24 km/h; 15 mph)\nRange: | 5,000 nmi (9,300 km) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph)\nComplement: | 6 officers, 137 enlisted\nArmament: | \nUSS LSM(R)-507 was laid down on 31 March 1945 by the [[Brown_Shipbuilding_Company|Brown Shipbuilding Company]] in [[Houston,_Texas|Houston, Texas]] and launched on 28 April 1945.\nShe was commissioned by the [[United_States_Navy|United States Navy]] on 22 June 1945, with Lieutenant Alvin G. Walser in command.\nService history\nDeparting Houston on 27 June, LSM(R)-507 steamed via Galveston, Texas to [[Charleston,_South_Carolina|Charleston, South Carolina]], where she arrived on 7 July.\nFrom 28 to 30 July she sailed to Little Creek, Virginia, for training in [[Chesapeake_Bay|Chesapeake Bay]] and along the [[Virginia|Virginia]] coast.\nAssigned to LSMR Squadron 4, she departed Little Creek on 4 October for the [[Great_Lakes|Great Lakes]].\nShe touched at [[City_of_Halifax|Halifax]], [[Quebec|Quebec]] and [[Montreal|Montreal]] and arrived at [[Rochester,_New_York|Rochester, New York]], on 16 October.\nDuring the next three weeks she sailed to [[Detroit|Detroit]] and [[Chicago|Chicago]] before returning to Rochester on 1 November and Little Creek on 17 November.\nDuring the next two months LSM(R)-507 continued operations out of Little Creek.\nShe departed on 29 January 1946, for operations off [[San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico|San Juan, Puerto Rico]] and later out of [[Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base|Guantanamo Bay]] in Cuba.\nShe returned to Little Creek on 24 March.\nFollowing duty out of [[Norfolk,_Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]] and [[Baltimore,_Maryland|Baltimore, Maryland]], LSM(R)-507 departed Little Creek for the [[West_Coast_of_the_United_States|West Coast of the United States]] on 18 October, arriving in [[San_Diego,_California|San Diego, California]] on 20 November.\nAssigned to LSMR Squadron 3, she operated out of San Diego; she was decommissioned there on 5 February 1947 and entered the [[Pacific_Reserve_Fleet|Pacific Reserve Fleet]].\nWhile berthed at San Diego, she was named Greenbrier River on 1 October 1955, after the [[Greenbrier_River|Greenbrier River]] (a [[Tributary|tributary]] of the [[New_River_(Kanawha_River)|New River]]).\nHer name was struck from the [[Naval_Vessel_Register|Naval Vessel Register]] on 1 October 1958."
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Christian Schebitz was a bobsleigh world cup champion (an annual competition) during 1989-90 for the two-man.
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"[H] IBSF Bobsleigh World Cup | [H] IBSF Bobsleigh World Cup\n[H] Genre | [[Bobsleigh|Bobsleigh]]\n[H] Frequency | annual\n[H] Inaugurated | 1985\n[H] Previous event | [[2018β19_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2018β19 Bobsleigh World Cup]]\n[H] Next event | [[2019β20_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2019β20 Bobsleigh World Cup]]\n[H] Website | \nThe Bobsleigh World Cup is an annual [[Bobsleigh|bobsleigh]] competitions.\nIt has taken place since the [[1984_Winter_Olympics|1984 Winter Olympics]].\nBelow is a lists of season champions.\nEach table shows the country and driver only.\nCombined men's\nDebuted: 1985.\n[H] Season | [H] Winner | [H] Runner-up | [H] Third place\n1984β85 | [[West_Germany|West Germany]] β [[Anton_Fischer_(bobsleigh)|Anton Fischer]] | | \n1985β86 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Ekkehard_Fasser|Ekkehard Fasser]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Matt_Roy_(bobsleigh)|Matt Roy]] | [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] β [[Nick_Phipps_(bobsleigh)|Nick Phipps]]\n1986β87 | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Matt_Roy_(bobsleigh)|Matt Roy]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] | [[West_Germany|West Germany]] β [[Anton_Fischer_(bobsleigh)|Anton Fischer]]\n1987β88 | [[Austria|Austria]] β Ingo Appelt | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[JaΜnis_KΜ§ipurs|JaΜnis KΜ§ipurs]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Volker_Dietrich|Volker Dietrich]]\n1988β89 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Detlef_Richter|Detlef Richter]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Nico_Baracchi|Nico Baracchi]]\n1989β90 | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[Maris_Poikans|Maris Poikans]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]]\n1989β90 | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[Maris_Poikans|Maris Poikans]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]] | [[West_Germany|West Germany]] β [[Christian_Schebitz|Christian Schebitz]]\n1990β91 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] (2) | [[Austria|Austria]] β Ingo Appelt | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]]\n1990β91 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] (2) | [[Austria|Austria]] β Ingo Appelt | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]]\n1991β92 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]]\n1992β93 | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Brian_Shimer|Brian Shimer]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]]\n1993β94 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Austria|Austria]] β [[Hubert_SchoΜsser|Hubert SchoΜsser]] | [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] β [[Mark_Tout|Mark Tout]]\n1994β95 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Reto_GoΜtschi|Reto GoΜtschi]] | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]]\n1995β96 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Christoph_Langen|Christoph Langen]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]]\n1996β97 | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Brian_Shimer|Brian Shimer]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]]\n1997β98 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] (3) | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Sandis_Prusis|Sandis Prusis]]\n1998β99 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Christoph_Langen|Christoph Langen]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Reto_GoΜtschi|Reto GoΜtschi]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]]\n1999β2000 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Marcel_Rohner_(bobsleigh)|Marcel Rohner]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Christian_Reich|Christian Reich]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]]\n2000β01 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Sandis_Prusis|Sandis Prusis]]\n2001β02 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Christian_Reich|Christian Reich]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n2002β03 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[ReneΜ_Spies|ReneΜ Spies]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen\n2003β04 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] (3) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Todd_Hays|Todd Hays]]\n2004β05 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen (2) | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandre_Zoubkov|Alexandre Zoubkov]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]]\n2005β06 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] (4) | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandre_Zoubkov|Alexandre Zoubkov]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Todd_Hays|Todd Hays]]\n[[2006β07_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2006β07]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n[[2007β08_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2007β08]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] (4) | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandre_Zoubkov|Alexandre Zoubkov]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]]\n[[2008β09_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2008β09]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandre_Zoubkov|Alexandre Zoubkov]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Beat Hefti | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n[[2009β10_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2009β10]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Ivo_RuΜegg|Ivo RuΜegg]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Thomas_FlorschuΜtz|Thomas FlorschuΜtz]]\n[[2010β11_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2010β11]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Manuel_Machata|Manuel Machata]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov ]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]]\n[[2011β12_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2011β12]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Maximilian_Arndt|Maximilian Arndt]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov ]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Manuel_Machata|Manuel Machata]]\n[[2012β13_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2012β13]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_MelbaΜrdis|Oskars MelbaΜrdis]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov ]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Manuel_Machata|Manuel Machata]]\n[[2013β14_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2013β14]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] (3) | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov ]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Beat Hefti\n[[2014β15_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2014β15]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_MelbaΜrdis|Oskars MelbaΜrdis]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Nico_Walther|Nico Walther]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexander_Kasjanov|Alexander Kasjanov]]\n[[2015β16_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2015β16]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Nico_Walther|Nico Walther]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Maximilian_Arndt|Maximilian Arndt]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Rico_Peter|Rico Peter]]\n[[2016β17_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2016β17]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexander_Kasjanov|Alexander Kasjanov]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]]\n[[2017β18_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2017β18]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Justin_Kripps|Justin Kripps]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Johannes_Lochner|Johannes Lochner]]\n[[2018β19_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2018β19]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] (2) | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_Kibermanis|Oskars Kibermanis]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Nico_Walther|Nico Walther]]\n[[2019β20_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2019β20]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] (3) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Justin_Kripps|Justin Kripps]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_Kibermanis|Oskars Kibermanis]]\nMedal table\n[H] Rank | [H] Nation | [H] Gold | [H] Silver | [H] Bronze | [H] Total\n1 | [H] [[Germany|Germany]] (GER) | 14 | 6 | 13 | 33\n2 | [H] [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] (SUI) | 6 | 9 | 4 | 19\n3 | [H] [[Canada|Canada]] (CAN) | 5 | 5 | 7 | 17\n4 | [H] [[United_States|United States]] (USA) | 5 | 2 | 5 | 12\n5 | [H] [[Latvia|Latvia]] (LAT) | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6\n6 | [H] [[Russia|Russia]] (RUS) | 1 | 7 | 1 | 9\n7 | [H] [[Austria|Austria]] (AUT) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3\n8 | [H] [[Italy|Italy]] (ITA) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4\n9 | [H] [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] (URS) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2\n10 | [H] [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] (GBR) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2\n[H] Totals (10 nations) | [H] Totals (10 nations) | 36 | 34 | 37 | 107\nTwo-man\nUnofficial event: 1985β1990.\nDebuted: 1991.\n[H] Season | [H] Winner | [H] Runner-up | [H] Third place\n1983β84 | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] | | \n1984β85 | [[West_Germany|West Germany]] β [[Anton_Fischer_(bobsleigh)|Anton Fischer]] | | \n1985β86 | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[Maris_Poikans|Maris Poikans]] | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[Vyacheslav_Savlev|Vyacheslav Savlev]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Ekkehard_Fasser|Ekkehard Fasser]]\n1986β87 | [[West_Germany|West Germany]] β [[Anton_Fischer_(bobsleigh)|Anton Fischer]] (2) | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Matt_Roy_(bobsleigh)|Matt Roy]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]]\n1987β88 | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[JaΜnis_KΜ§ipurs|JaΜnis KΜ§ipurs]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Volker_Dietrich|Volker Dietrich]] | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[Zintis_Ekmanis|Zintis Ekmanis]]\n1988β89 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Detlef_Richter|Detlef Richter]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Nico_Baracchi|Nico Baracchi]]\n1989β90 | [[West_Germany|West Germany]] β [[Christian_Schebitz|Christian Schebitz]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Greg_Haydenluck|Greg Haydenluck]] | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[Maris_Poikans|Maris Poikans]]\n1990β91 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]]\n1991β92 | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Rudi_Lochner|Rudi Lochner]]\n1992β93 | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Brian_Shimer|Brian Shimer]]\n1993β94 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Christoph_Langen|Christoph Langen]] | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]]\n1994β95 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Reto_GoΜtschi|Reto GoΜtschi]] | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]]\n1995β96 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Christoph_Langen|Christoph Langen]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sepp_Dostthaler|Sepp Dostthaler]]\n1996β97 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] (3) | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Brian_Shimer|Brian Shimer]]\n1997β98 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] (4) | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Sandis_Prusis|Sandis Prusis]]\n1998β99 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Christoph_Langen|Christoph Langen]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Reto_GoΜtschi|Reto GoΜtschi]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]]\n1999β2000 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Christian_Reich|Christian Reich]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Reto_GoΜtschi|Reto GoΜtschi]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Marcel_Rohner_(bobsleigh)|Marcel Rohner]]\n2000β01 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[ReneΜ_Spies|ReneΜ Spies]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n2001β02 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen (2) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Christian_Reich|Christian Reich]]\n2002β03 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] (5) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[ReneΜ_Spies|ReneΜ Spies]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n2003β04 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Christoph_Langen|Christoph Langen]] (3) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n2004β05 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen (3) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]]\n2005β06 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] (6) | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Todd_Hays|Todd Hays]]\n[[2006β07_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2006β07]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n[[2007β08_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2007β08]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Ivo_RuΜegg|Ivo RuΜegg]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]]\n[[2008β09_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2008β09]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Beat Hefti | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Thomas_Florschuetz|Thomas Florschuetz]]\n[[2009β10_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2009β10]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Ivo_RuΜegg|Ivo RuΜegg]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Thomas_FlorschuΜtz|Thomas FlorschuΜtz]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Karl_Angerer|Karl Angerer]]\n[[2010β11_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2010β11]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Manuel_Machata|Manuel Machata]] | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Simone_Bertazzo|Simone Bertazzo]]\n[[2011β12_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2011β12]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Beat Hefti (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Maximilian_Arndt|Maximilian Arndt]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]]\n[[2012β13_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2012β13]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Lyndon_Rush|Lyndon Rush]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_MelbaΜrdis|Oskars MelbaΜrdis]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Manuel_Machata|Manuel Machata]]\n[[2013β14_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2013β14]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Beat Hefti | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]]\n[[2014β15_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2014β15]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_MelbaΜrdis|Oskars MelbaΜrdis]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Beat Hefti | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Rico_Peter|Rico Peter]]\n[[2015β16_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2015β16]] | [[South_Korea|South Korea]] β [[Won_Yun-jong|Won Yun-jong]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Nico_Walther|Nico Walther]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[UgΜ§is_ZΜalΜ§ims|UgΜ§is ZΜalΜ§ims]]\n[[2016β17_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2016β17]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich ]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] | [[South_Korea|South Korea]] β [[Won_Yun-jong|Won Yun-jong]]\n[[2017β18_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2017β18]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Justin_Kripps|Justin Kripps]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Christopher_Spring|Christopher Spring]]\n[[2018β19_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2018β19]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] (2) | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_Kibermanis|Oskars Kibermanis]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Nico_Walther|Nico Walther]]\n[[2019β20_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2019β20]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] (3) | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_Kibermanis|Oskars Kibermanis]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Justin_Kripps|Justin Kripps]]\nMedal table\n[H] Rank | [H] Nation | [H] Gold | [H] Silver | [H] Bronze | [H] Total\n1 | [H] [[Germany|Germany]] (GER) | 12 | 11 | 12 | 35\n2 | [H] [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] (SUI) | 8 | 9 | 5 | 22\n3 | [H] [[Canada|Canada]] (CAN) | 8 | 6 | 4 | 18\n4 | [H] [[Italy|Italy]] (ITA) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7\n4 | [H] [[United_States|United States]] (USA) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7\n6 | [H] [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] (URS) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5\n7 | [H] [[Latvia|Latvia]] (LAT) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6\n8 | [H] [[Russia|Russia]] (RUS) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5\n9 | [H] [[South_Korea|South Korea]] (KOR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2\n[H] Totals (9 nations) | [H] Totals (9 nations) | 37 | 35 | 35 | 107\nFour-man\nUnofficial event: 1985β1990.\nDebuted: 1991.\n[H] Season | [H] Winner | [H] Runner-up | [H] Third place\n1983β84 | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] | | \n1984β85 | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jeffrey_Jost|Jeffrey Jost]] | | \n1985β86 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Ekkehard_Fasser|Ekkehard Fasser]] | [[Austria|Austria]] β [[Walter_Delle_Karth|Walter Delle Karth]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Matt_Roy_(bobsleigh)|Matt Roy]]\n1986β87 | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Matt_Roy_(bobsleigh)|Matt Roy]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] | [[Austria|Austria]] β [[Peter_Kienast|Peter Kienast]]\n1987β88 | [[Austria|Austria]] β Ingo Appelt | none awarded | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Volker_Dietrich|Volker Dietrich]]\n1987β88 | [[Austria|Austria]] β [[Peter_Kienast|Peter Kienast]] | none awarded | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Volker_Dietrich|Volker Dietrich]]\n1988β89 | [[Austria|Austria]] β Ingo Appelt (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[Austria|Austria]] β [[Peter_Kienast|Peter Kienast]] (2)\n1989β90 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]] | [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] β [[Maris_Poikans|Maris Poikans]] | [[East_Germany|East Germany]] β [[Dietmar_Falkenberg|Dietmar Falkenberg]]\n1990β91 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] | [[Austria|Austria]] β Ingo Appelt | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]]\n1991β92 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] (2) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Gustav_Weder|Gustav Weder]] (2) | [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] β [[Mark_Tout|Mark Tout]]\n1992β93 | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Brian_Shimer|Brian Shimer]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]]\n1993β94 | [[Austria|Austria]] β [[Hubert_SchoΜsser|Hubert SchoΜsser]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Dirk_Wiese_(bobsleigh)|Dirk Wiese]] | [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] β [[Mark_Tout|Mark Tout]] (2)\n1994β95 | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] β [[Mark_Tout|Mark Tout]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Dirk_Wiese_(bobsleigh)|Dirk Wiese]]\n1995β96 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] (3) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Christoph_Langen|Christoph Langen]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Chris_Lori|Chris Lori]] (2)\n1996β97 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Marcel_Rohner_(bobsleigh)|Marcel Rohner]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Wolfgang_Hoppe|Wolfgang Hoppe]] (2) | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gunther_Huber|Gunther Huber]]\n1997β98 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Harald_Czudaj|Harald Czudaj]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Marcel_Rohner_(bobsleigh)|Marcel Rohner]] | [[Austria|Austria]] β [[Hubert_SchoΜsser|Hubert SchoΜsser]]\n1998β99 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Christoph_Langen|Christoph Langen]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Marcel_Rohner_(bobsleigh)|Marcel Rohner]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n1999β2000 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Marcel_Rohner_(bobsleigh)|Marcel Rohner]] (2) | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Sandis_Prusis|Sandis Prusis]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]]\n2000β01 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Sandis_Prusis|Sandis Prusis]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Matthias_Benesch|Matthias Benesch]]\n2001β02 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Christian_Reich|Christian Reich]]\n2002β03 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] (2) | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Sandis_Prusis|Sandis Prusis]] (3) | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Ralph_RuΜegg|Ralph RuΜegg]]\n2003β04 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] (3) | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Todd_Hays|Todd Hays]]\n2004β05 | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]]\n2005β06 | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] (2) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Pierre_Lueders|Pierre Lueders]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen\n[[2006β07_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2006β07]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Yevgeni_Sergeyevich_Popov|Yevgeni Popov]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Martin Annen (2)\n[[2007β08_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2007β08]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] (4) | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] (2) | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Janis_Minins|Janis Minins]]\n[[2008β09_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2008β09]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] (3) | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Janis_Minins|Janis Minins]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]]\n[[2009β10_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2009β10]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steve_Holcomb|Steve Holcomb]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Janis_Minins|Janis Minins]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[AndreΜ_Lange|AndreΜ Lange]] (3)\n[[2010β11_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2010β11]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Manuel_Machata|Manuel Machata]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]]\n[[2011β12_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2011β12]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] (4) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Maximilian_Arndt|Maximilian Arndt]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Manuel_Machata|Manuel Machata]]\n[[2012β13_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2012β13]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexandr_Zubkov|Alexandr Zubkov]] (5) | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_MelbaΜrdis|Oskars MelbaΜrdis]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Manuel_Machata|Manuel Machata]] (2)\n[[2013β14_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2013β14]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Maximilian_Arndt|Maximilian Arndt]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]] (3) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Thomas_Florschuetz|Thomas Florschuetz]]\n[[2014β15_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2014β15]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_MelbaΜrdis|Oskars MelbaΜrdis]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexander_Kasjanov|Alexander Kasjanov]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Maximilian_Arndt|Maximilian Arndt]]\n[[2015β16_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2015β16]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Maximilian_Arndt|Maximilian Arndt]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Rico_Peter|Rico Peter]]\n[[2016β17_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2016β17]] | [[Russia|Russia]] β [[Alexander_Kasjanov|Alexander Kasjanov]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Rico_Peter|Rico Peter]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Steven_Holcomb|Steven Holcomb]]\n[[2017β18_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2017β18]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Johannes_Lochner|Johannes Lochner]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Nico_Walther|Nico Walther]]\n[[2018β19_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2018β19]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] | [[Latvia|Latvia]] β [[Oskars_Kibermanis|Oskars Kibermanis]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Johannes_Lochner|Johannes Lochner]]\n[[2019β20_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2019β20]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Francesco_Friedrich|Francesco Friedrich]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Johannes_Lochner|Johannes Lochner]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Justin_Kripps|Justin Kripps]]\nMedal table\n[H] Rank | [H] Nation | [H] Gold | [H] Silver | [H] Bronze | [H] Total\n1 | [H] [[Germany|Germany]] (GER) | 15 | 9 | 14 | 38\n2 | [H] [[Russia|Russia]] (RUS) | 7 | 3 | 1 | 11\n3 | [H] [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] (SUI) | 5 | 6 | 5 | 16\n4 | [H] [[United_States|United States]] (USA) | 4 | 3 | 3 | 10\n5 | [H] [[Austria|Austria]] (AUT) | 4 | 2 | 3 | 9\n6 | [H] [[Canada|Canada]] (CAN) | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9\n7 | [H] [[Latvia|Latvia]] (LAT) | 1 | 7 | 1 | 9\n8 | [H] [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3\n9 | [H] [[Soviet_Union|Soviet Union]] (URS) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1\n10 | [H] [[Italy|Italy]] (ITA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1\n[H] Totals (10 nations) | [H] Totals (10 nations) | 38 | 34 | 35 | 107\nTwo-woman\nDebuted: 1994.\n[H] Season | [H] Winner | [H] Runner-up | [H] Third place\n1993β94 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β Barbara Muriset | | \n1994β95 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β [[Claudia_BuΜhlmann|Claudia BuΜhlmann]] | | \n1995β96 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β FrancΜ§oise Burdet | | \n1996β97 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β FrancΜ§oise Burdet (2) | | \n1997β98 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β FrancΜ§oise Burdet (3) | | \n1998β99 | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β FrancΜ§oise Burdet (4) | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jean_Prahm|Jean Racine]] | [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] β [[Michelle_Coy|Michelle Coy]]\n1999β2000 | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jean_Prahm|Jean Racine]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jill_Bakken|Jill Bakken]] | [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] β FrancΜ§oise Burdet\n2000β01 | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jean_Prahm|Jean Racine]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Prokoff|Sandra Prokoff]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Bonny_Warner|Bonny Warner]]\n2001β02 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Susi_Erdmann|Susi Erdmann]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Prokoff|Sandra Prokoff]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jean_Prahm|Jean Racine]]\n2002β03 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Susi_Erdmann|Susi Erdmann]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Prokoff|Sandra Prokoff]] (3) | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gerda_Weissensteiner|Gerda Weissensteiner]]\n2003β04 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Prokoff|Sandra Prokoff]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jean_Prahm|Jean Racine]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Susi_Erdmann|Susi Erdmann]]\n2003β04 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Prokoff|Sandra Prokoff]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jean_Prahm|Jean Racine]] (2) | [[Italy|Italy]] β [[Gerda_Weissensteiner|Gerda Weissensteiner]] (2)\n2004β05 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Prokoff|Sandra Prokoff]]-[[Sandra_Kiriasis|Kiriasis]] (2) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Cathleen_Martini|Cathleen Martini]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Susi_Erdmann|Susi Erdmann]] (2)\n2005β06 | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Kiriasis|Sandra Kiriasis]] (3) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Helen_Upperton|Helen Upperton]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Shauna_Rohbock|Shauna Rohbock]]\n[[2006β07_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2006β07]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Kiriasis|Sandra Kiriasis]] (4) | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Shauna_Rohbock|Shauna Rohbock]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Cathleen_Martini|Cathleen Martini]]\n[[2007β08_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2007β08]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Kiriasis|Sandra Kiriasis]] (5) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Cathleen_Martini|Cathleen Martini]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Helen_Upperton|Helen Upperton]]\n[[2008β09_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2008β09]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Kiriasis|Sandra Kiriasis]] (6) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Cathleen_Martini|Cathleen Martini]] | [[United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]] β [[Nicole_Minichiello|Nicole Minichiello]]\n[[2009β10_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2009β10]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Kiriasis|Sandra Kiriasis]] (7) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Kaillie_Humphries|Kaillie Humphries]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Cathleen_Martini|Cathleen Martini]]\n[[2010β11_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2010β11]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Kiriasis|Sandra Kiriasis]] (8) | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Cathleen_Martini|Cathleen Martini]] (4) | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Kaillie_Humphries|Kaillie Humphries]]\n[[2011β12_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2011β12]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Cathleen_Martini|Cathleen Martini]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Anja_Schneiderheinze|Anja Schneiderheinze]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Kiriasis|Sandra Kiriasis]]\n[[2012β13_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2012β13]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Kaillie_Humphries|Kaillie Humphries]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Sandra_Kiriasis|Sandra Kiriasis]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Cathleen_Martini|Cathleen Martini]]\n[[2013β14_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2013β14]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Kaillie_Humphries|Kaillie Humphries]] (2) | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Elana_Meyers|Elana Meyers]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jamie_Greubel|Jamie Greubel]]\n[[2014β15_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2014β15]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Elana_Meyers|Elana Meyers]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Kaillie_Humphries|Kaillie Humphries]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jazmine_Fenlator|Jazmine Fenlator]]\n[[2015β16_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2015β16]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Kaillie_Humphries|Kaillie Humphries]] (3) | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jamie_Greubel|Jamie Greubel Poser]] | [[Austria|Austria]] β [[Christina_Hengster|Christina Hengster]]\n[[2016β17_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2016β17]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Jamie_Greubel|Jamie Greubel Poser]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Kaillie_Humphries|Kaillie Humphries]] (3) | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Elana_Meyers|Elana Meyers Taylor]]\n[[2017β18_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2017β18]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Kaillie_Humphries|Kaillie Humphries]] (4) | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Elana_Meyers|Elana Meyers Taylor]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Mariama_Jamanka|Mariama Jamanka]]\n[[2018β19_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2018β19]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Mariama_Jamanka|Mariama Jamanka]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Stephanie_Schneider|Stephanie Schneider]] | [[United_States|United States]] β [[Elana_Meyers|Elana Meyers Taylor]]\n[[2019β20_Bobsleigh_World_Cup|2019β20]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Stephanie_Schneider|Stephanie Schneider]] | [[Germany|Germany]] β [[Mariama_Jamanka|Mariama Jamanka]] | [[Canada|Canada]] β [[Christine_de_Bruin|Christine de Bruin]]\nMedal table\n[H] Rank | [H] Nation | [H] Gold | [H] Silver | [H] Bronze | [H] Total\n1 | [H] [[Germany|Germany]] (GER) | 13 | 11 | 7 | 31\n2 | [H] [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] (SUI) | 6 | 0 | 1 | 7\n3 | [H] [[United_States|United States]] (USA) | 4 | 7 | 7 | 18\n4 | [H] [[Canada|Canada]] (CAN) | 4 | 4 | 3 | 11\n5 | [H] [[United_Kingdom|Great Britain]] (GBR) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2\n5 | [H] [[Italy|Italy]] (ITA) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2\n7 | [H] [[Austria|Austria]] (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1\n[H] Totals (7 nations) | [H] Totals (7 nations) | 27 | 22 | 23 | 72\nAll-time medal count\n\n[H] Medal record | [H] Medal record | [H] Medal record\n[H] Men's [[Bobsleigh|Bobsleigh]] | [H] Men's [[Bobsleigh|Bobsleigh]] | [H] Men's [[Bobsleigh|Bobsleigh]]\n[H] Representing [[West_Germany|West Germany]] | [H] Representing [[West_Germany|West Germany]] | [H] Representing [[West_Germany|West Germany]]\n[H] [[List_of_Bobsleigh_World_Cup_champions|World Cup Championships]] | [H] [[List_of_Bobsleigh_World_Cup_champions|World Cup Championships]] | [H] [[List_of_Bobsleigh_World_Cup_champions|World Cup Championships]]\n | 1989-90 | Two-man\nChristian Schebitz (born 9 November 1962) is a [[West_Germany|West German]] [[Bobsled|bobsledder]] who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s.\nHe is also known for [[List_of_Bobsleigh_World_Cup_champions|Bobsleigh World Cup]] two-man championship victory in 1989-90."
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"At Least for Now" is the debut studio album by Benjamin Clemente; it won the 2015 Mercury Music Prize (created by Jon Webster), an annual music prize awarded for the best album released in the United Kingdom a British or Irish act.
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"[H] Mercury Prize | [H] Mercury Prize\n[H] Awarded for | Best album from the United Kingdom and Ireland\n[H] Location | [[United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]]\n[H] First awarded | 1992; 28 years ago (1992) (as Mercury Music Prize)\n[H] Website | \nThe Mercury Prize, formerly called the Mercury Music Prize, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album released in the United Kingdom by a British or Irish act.\nIt was created by Jon Webster in association with the British Phonographic Industry and British Association of Record Dealers in 1992 as an alternative to the [[Brit_Awards|Brit Awards]].\nThe prize was originally sponsored by [[Mercury_Communications|Mercury Communications]], a brand owned by [[Cable_&_Wireless_plc|Cable & Wireless]], from which the prize gets its name.\nIt was later sponsored by [[Technics_(brand)|Technics]] (1998 to 2001), [[Panasonic|Panasonic]] (2002 and 2003), [[Nationwide_Building_Society|Nationwide Building Society]] (2004 to 2008) and [[Barclaycard|Barclaycard]] (2009β14).\nThe 2015 prize was sponsored by the BBC, while in 2016 it was announced that a three-year deal had been struck with [[Hyundai_Motor_Company|Hyundai]] to sponsor the event.\nAny album released by a British or Irish artist, or by a band where over 50% of the members are British or Irish, may be submitted for consideration by their record label.\nThe shortlist is chosen by an independent panel of musicians, music presenters, music producers, music journalists, festival organisers and other figures in the music industry in the UK and Ireland.\nThe prize is open to all types of music, including pop, rock, folk, urban, grime, dance, jazz, blues, electronica and classical.\nPresentation of the awards usually takes place at an Awards Show in October, after the shortlist is announced at the Album of the Year Launch in September.\nIt is often observed that bands whose albums are shortlisted, or win the prize, experience a large increase in album sales, particularly for lesser known acts.\nEach shortlisted artist receives a specially commissioned 'Albums of the Year' trophy at the Awards Show.\nUnlike some other music awards, the overall winner of the Mercury Prize also receives a cheque; in 2017, the prize money was Β£25,000.\nThe winner also receives an additional winner's trophy.\nTo date, [[PJ_Harvey|PJ Harvey]] is the only artist to have won the award on more than one occasion (in 2001 and 2011).\nShe was also the first female solo artist to receive the award.\n[[Alex_Turner|Alex Turner]] has received five nominations as a member of [[Arctic_Monkeys|Arctic Monkeys]] and [[The_Last_Shadow_Puppets|The Last Shadow Puppets]], winning once.\n[[Thom_Yorke|Thom Yorke]] has 6 nominations, 5 with [[Radiohead|Radiohead]] and one for [[The_Eraser|The Eraser]], but has never won.\nReputation\nThe Mercury Prize can have a considerable effect on sales for those artists who are shortlisted.\nElbow saw a 700% sales increase of their album The Seldom Seen Kid after winning the Prize in 2008.\nIn their winner's speech, Elbow's frontman Guy Garvey said that winning the Mercury Prize was 'Quite literally the best thing that has ever happened to us'.\nSimilarly, sales of The xx's winning album rose by 450% the day after they won the 2010 Mercury Prize and 2013 winner James Blake saw a 2,500% sales increase on Amazon after he was announced as the winner of the 2013 Mercury Prize.\n2011 winner PJ Harvey's album Let England Shake jumped from number 181 to 24 in the UK official charts the week after the 2011 Awards Show.\nDespite being regarded by many as highly prestigious, it has been suggested that having an album nominated for or winning the Mercury Prize could be a curse on a career in music.\nIn 2001, the band [[Gorillaz|Gorillaz]] requested that their [[Gorillaz_(album)|eponymous debut album]] be withdrawn from the shortlist, with cartoon bassist [[Murdoc_Niccals|Murdoc Niccals]] saying that winning the award would be \"like carrying a dead albatross round your neck for eternity\".\nAll genres of music are eligible for entry, and it is stated that all are treated equally, with only the music on the album being taken into account.\nSimon Frith, chair of the Mercury Prize judging panel, has said that albums are chosen because they are the \"strongest\" each year, rather than according to genre.\nHowever, the presence of classical, [[Folk_music|folk]] and [[Jazz|jazz]] recordings has been cited by some as anomalous, arguing that comparisons with the other nominees can be invidious.\nClassical acts to have an album nominated have included [[John_Tavener|Sir John Tavener]], [[Peter_Maxwell_Davies|Sir Peter Maxwell Davies]], Gavin Bryars and [[Nicholas_Maw|Nicholas Maw]].\nNone has ever won, and there has not been a shortlisted classical album since 2002.\nThe Mercury Prize also has a reputation for being awarded to outside chances rather than the favourites.\nThe 1994 award winner was Elegant Slumming by the pop act M People, which some felt was a controversial decision considering the shortlist included popular albums from [[Britpop|Britpop]] figureheads [[Paul_Weller|Paul Weller]], [[Blur_(band)|Blur]] and [[Pulp_(band)|Pulp]], and [[Electronica|electronica]] band [[The_Prodigy|The Prodigy]].\nOther music journalists critical of the awards stated that the 2005 award should not have been given to [[Antony_and_the_Johnsons|Antony and the Johnsons]] for their album [[I_Am_a_Bird_Now|I Am a Bird Now]] as, although they are British-born and therefore eligible for the Prize, the band were based in the United States.\nIn 2006, [[Isobel_Campbell|Isobel Campbell]]'s collaboration with [[Mark_Lanegan|Mark Lanegan]], [[Ballad_of_the_Broken_Seas|Ballad of the Broken Seas]], was included in the shortlist, despite Lanegan being American, as the album was eligible due to Campbell's British citizenship, while [[Guillemots_(band)|Guillemots]], whose album was also shortlisted in 2006, contained band members from Brazil and Canada, although the majority were from the UK.\nCurrent eligibility criteria state that all albums must be available to buy as a digital release in the UK.\nIn September 2013, [[My_Bloody_Valentine_(band)|My Bloody Valentine]] vocalist and guitarist [[Kevin_Shields|Kevin Shields]] expressed concerns about the award in an interview with [[The_Guardian|The Guardian]], accusing the Mercury Prize's organisers of \"banning\" the band's self-released album, [[MBV_(album)|m b v]], from the shortlist nominations and addressing the nomination criteria, which he claimed branded the album \"virtually illegal\".\nIt has also been noted that [[Heavy_metal_music|heavy metal]] has been overlooked by the prize.\nA 2013 article by [[Vice_(magazine)|Vice]] on the Mercury Prize said \"Metal certainly never gets a look-in, not even on the official entry information form: 'The Prize is open to all types of music, including pop, rock, folk, urban, dance, jazz, blues, electronica, classicalβ¦'\" The only metal record that has ever been nominated for the Mercury Prize is Troublegum by [[Therapy?|Therapy?]]\nin 1994.\nIn 2011, Mercury chair of judges [[Simon_Frith|Simon Frith]] said \"[Metal] is a niche that a lot of people don't listen to.\"\nIn 2011, [[The_Guardian|The Guardian]] music critic [[Alexis_Petridis|Alexis Petridis]] agreed that the Mercury Prize underrepresented heavy metal, but argued that this actually benefitted the genre because \"At least part of metal's appeal is its outsider status.\"\nWinners and shortlisted nominees\n[H] Year | [H] Winner | [H] Shortlisted nominees | [H] Image | [H] Ref(s)\n1992\n(1st) | [[Primal_Scream|Primal Scream]] β [[Screamadelica|Screamadelica]] | | | \n1993\n(2nd) | [[Suede_(band)|Suede]] β [[Suede_(album)|Suede]] | | | \n1994\n(3rd) | M People β Elegant Slumming | | | \n1995\n(4th) | [[Portishead_(band)|Portishead]] β [[Dummy_(album)|Dummy]] | | | \n1996\n(5th) | [[Pulp_(band)|Pulp]] β [[Different_Class|Different Class]] | | | \n1997\n(6th) | [[Roni_Size_&_Reprazent|Roni Size & Reprazent]] β [[New_Forms|New Forms]] | | | \n1998\n(7th) | [[Gomez_(band)|Gomez]] β [[Bring_It_On_(Gomez_album)|Bring It On]] | | | \n1999\n(8th) | Talvin Singh β [[OK_(Talvin_Singh_album)|Ok]] | | | \n2000\n(9th) | Badly Drawn Boy β [[The_Hour_of_Bewilderbeast|The Hour of Bewilderbeast]] | | | \n2001\n(10th) | [[PJ_Harvey|PJ Harvey]] β [[Stories_from_the_City,_Stories_from_the_Sea|Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea]] | | | \n2002\n(11th) | [[Ms._Dynamite|Ms. Dynamite]] β [[A_Little_Deeper|A Little Deeper]] | | | \n2003\n(12th) | [[Dizzee_Rascal|Dizzee Rascal]] β [[Boy_in_da_Corner|Boy in da Corner]] | | | \n2004\n(13th) | [[Franz_Ferdinand_(band)|Franz Ferdinand]] β [[Franz_Ferdinand_(album)|Franz Ferdinand]] | | | \n2005\n(14th) | [[Antony_and_the_Johnsons|Antony and the Johnsons]] β [[I_Am_a_Bird_Now|I Am a Bird Now]] | | | \n2006\n(15th) | [[Arctic_Monkeys|Arctic Monkeys]] β [[Whatever_People_Say_I_Am,_That's_What_I'm_Not|Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not]] | | | \n2007\n(16th) | [[Klaxons|Klaxons]] β [[Myths_of_the_Near_Future_(album)|Myths of the Near Future]] | | | \n2008\n(17th) | [[Elbow_(band)|Elbow]] β [[The_Seldom_Seen_Kid|The Seldom Seen Kid]] | | | \n2009\n(18th) | [[Speech_Debelle|Speech Debelle]] β [[Speech_Therapy_(album)|Speech Therapy]] | | | \n2010\n(19th) | [[The_xx|The xx]] β [[Xx_(album)|xx]] | | | \n2011\n(20th) | [[PJ_Harvey|PJ Harvey]] β [[Let_England_Shake|Let England Shake]] | | | \n2012\n(21st) | [[Alt-J|alt-J]] β [[An_Awesome_Wave|An Awesome Wave]] | | | \n2013\n(22nd) | [[James_Blake_(musician)|James Blake]] β [[Overgrown|Overgrown]] | | | \n2014\n(23rd) | [[Young_Fathers|Young Fathers]] β [[Dead_(Young_Fathers_album)|Dead]] | | | \n2015\n(24th) | Benjamin Clementine β [[At_Least_for_Now|At Least for Now]] | | | \n2016\n(25th) | [[Skepta|Skepta]] β [[Konnichiwa_(Skepta_album)|Konnichiwa]] | | | \n2017\n(26th) | [[Sampha|Sampha]] β [[Process_(Sampha_album)|Process]] | | | \n2018\n(27th) | [[Wolf_Alice|Wolf Alice]] β [[Visions_of_a_Life|Visions of a Life]] | | | \n2019\n(28th) | [[Dave_(rapper)|Dave]] β [[Psychodrama_(album)|Psychodrama]] | | | \n2020\n(29th) | [[Michael_Kiwanuka|Michael Kiwanuka]] β [[Kiwanuka_(album)|Kiwanuka]] | | | \nArtists with multiple wins\n- [[PJ_Harvey|PJ Harvey]] (2 wins 2001/2011, nominated 1993/1995/2001/2011)\nArtists with multiple nominations\nTotals listed are for bands or artists nominated more than once under the same name.\nIt does not include appearances on compilations (e.g. [[War_Child_(charity)|Artists for War Child]]) or individuals nominated separately as a soloist and group member (e.g. [[Robbie_Williams|Robbie Williams]] for his [[Life_thru_a_Lens|Life thru a Lens]] and [[Take_That|Take That]]'s [[Everything_Changes_(Take_That_album)|Everything Changes]]).\nSee also\n- [[Scottish_Album_of_the_Year_Award|Scottish Album of the Year Award]] ( [[Scotland|Scotland]])\n- [[Welsh_Music_Prize|Welsh Music Prize]] ( [[Wales|Wales]])\n- [[Choice_Music_Prize|Choice Music Prize]] ([[Ireland|Ireland]], including [[Northern_Ireland|Northern Ireland]])\n- [[Polaris_Music_Prize|Polaris Music Prize]] ( [[Canada|Canada]])\n- Prix Constantin ( [[France|France]])\n- [[Shortlist_Music_Prize|Shortlist Music Prize]] ( [[United_States|United States]])\n- [[Australian_Music_Prize|Australian Music Prize]] ( [[Australia|Australia]])\n- [[Nordic_Music_Prize|Nordic Music Prize]] ( [[Norway|Norway]])\n- Premio Ruido ( [[Spain|Spain]])\n- [[Taite_Music_Prize|Taite Music Prize]] ( [[New_Zealand|New Zealand]])\n\nAt Least for Now is the debut [[Studio_album|studio album]] by English musician, singer, and poet Benjamin Clementine.\nIt was released through Behind Records in France on 12 January 2015.\nThe album was recorded after Clementine gained critical acclaim with his two previous EPs.\nClementine returned to London in the new year to record his album, just as his career was starting to take off.\nHe moved to Kensington High Street with a friend he had met in Tuscany then went back to Edmonton for a period of time until At Least for Now was completed.\nThe album won the 2015 [[Mercury_Music_Prize|Mercury Music Prize]].\nAt Least for Now went top 10 in France, and has been certified Gold there.\nThe album was also well received by music critics, who praised its mixture of genres and uniqueness.\nAlbum cover\nReviewer Calum Bradbury-Sparvell described the cover, noting, \"Clementine stands in a shadowy profile with a Granny Smith cupped in his right hand, as if the [[ReneΜ_Magritte|Magritte]]'s [[The_Son_of_Man|Son Of Man]] had finally plucked the offending fruit from his face, but promptly swiveled away from the limelight.\nAn appropriate symbol for this debut LP, during which the mythos of the Edmonton-raised MeΜtro busker, who went from sleeping rough to impressing Macca in a barefoot Later With Jools Holland performance, dissipates only to reveal something more inscrutable: a stranger in a trench coat.\"\nCritical reception\n[H] Aggregate scores | [H] Aggregate scores\n[H] Source | [H] Rating\n[[AnyDecentMusic?|AnyDecentMusic?]] | 7.4/10\n[[Metacritic|Metacritic]] | 75/100\n[H] Review scores | [H] Review scores\n[H] Source | [H] Rating\n[[AllMusic|AllMusic]] | \n[[The_Guardian|The Guardian]] | \n[[The_Independent|The Independent]] | \n[[The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)|The National]] | \n[[PopMatters|PopMatters]] | 7/10\nPhil Mongredien from [[The_Guardian|The Guardian]] said At Least for Now was \"bold, brave, beautiful, and at times quite brilliant\" and that \"for the most part these piano-led songs sound unique.\"\nNake Chinen from [[The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]] wrote that \"As for Clementine's actual voice, it's a strange and frequently stunning instrument, a blade like tenor that can swoop into either a clarion cry or a guttural scowl.\nThe inevitable comparison, notably on a song like \"Adios\", is to [[Nina_Simone|Nina Simone]] β to her demonstrative clarity of phrase, and the flickering incandescence of her timbre.\"\n[[AllMusic|AllMusic]]'s Timothy Monger said that At Least for Now \"makes its case as a one-man show for piano and voice.\nThe compelling British singer/songwriter is dramatic, self-assured, and theatrical in the extreme, boasting a powerful voice that swells to fill the room, which, on this unique record, seems to expand and shrink at the drop of a hat.\n... At Least for Now is a pop record of sorts, but completely on his own terms, and like Antony Hegarty (an acknowledged influence) and [[Rufus_Wainwright|Rufus Wainwright]], two artists who have similar aspirations of pseudo-classical grandeur, Clementine will no doubt be polarizing for many listeners.\nThere is no question, however, of his raw talent, poeticism, and knack for beguiling melodies, and in this oversaturated market, the true mavericks will always rise above the din.\"\nAccording to Dave Simpson of The Guardian, Clemetine \"is reminiscent of [[Kevin_Rowland|Kevin Rowland]] in that he sounds as if he is singing from the gut, and because he has to.\nIf only he had a Rowlands' economy: mannered vocal flourishes complicate the melodies when what's needed is simplicity.\nThe addition of syrupy strings and pedestrian drumming further dilutes the impact of his raw talent.\nHowever, when he performs unadorned, melodies dripping from his fingertips, and expressing himself, his voice is difficult to forget.\"\nAccolades\n[H] Publication | [H] Accolade | [H] Year | [H] Rank\n[[The_Guardian|The Guardian]] | The Best Albums of 2015 | 2015 | 40\nTrack listing\nAll tracks are written by Benjamin Clementine.\nPersonnel\nMusicians\n- Benjamin Clementine β vocals, piano, keyboard, percussion, foot stamping on \"St-Clementine-on-Tea-and-Croissants\"\n- Alexis Brossard β drums\n- Manu Sauvage β bass guitar, keyboard bass\n- Jonathan Quarmby β bass guitar on \"Quiver a Little\"\nProduction\n- Benjamin Clementine β [[Record_producer|producer]]\n- Jonathan Quarmby β chief [[Audio_engineer|engineer]]\n- Engineer β Richard Woodcraft\n- Recorded at [[RAK_Studios|RAK Studios]], London, England except the track \"Adios\", recorded in [[Paris|Paris]] at Marlon B Studios\n- Cover design β Benjamin Clementine, Akatre, based on [[The_Son_of_Man|The Son of Man]] painting by [[ReneΜ_Magritte|ReneΜ Magritte]] (front)\n- Photography β Akatre (France inner portrait)\nCharts"
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in Data Studio
The ClearFacts dataset used in the paper Verifying the Verifiers: Unveiling Pitfalls and Potentials in Fact Verifiers.
GitHub Repository: https://github.com/just1nseo/Verifying-the-Verifiers
Citation
If you find this dataset useful, please cite our paper!
@article{seo2025verifying,
title={Verifying the Verifiers: Unveiling Pitfalls and Potentials in Fact Verifiers},
author={Seo, Wooseok and Han, Seungju and Jung, Jaehun and Newman, Benjamin and Lim, Seungwon and Lee, Seungbeen and Lu, Ximing and Choi, Yejin and Yu, Youngjae},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.13342},
year={2025}
}
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