File size: 22,793 Bytes
4c346eb
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
Metadata-Version: 2.4
Name: ether0
Version: 0.0.0
Summary: Data models, rewards, and utility functions for ether0.
Author-email: FutureHouse technical staff <hello@futurehouse.org>
License:                                  Apache License
                                   Version 2.0, January 2004
                                http://www.apache.org/licenses/
        
           TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
        
           1. Definitions.
        
              "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
              and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
        
              "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
              the copyright owner that is granting the License.
        
              "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
              other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
              control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
              "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
              direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
              otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
              outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
        
              "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
              exercising permissions granted by this License.
        
              "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
              including but not limited to software source code, documentation
              source, and configuration files.
        
              "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
              transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
              not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
              and conversions to other media types.
        
              "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
              Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
              copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
              (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
        
              "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
              form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
              editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
              represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
              of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
              separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
              the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
        
              "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
              the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
              to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
              submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
              or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
              the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
              means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
              to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
              communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
              and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
              Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
              excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
              designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
        
              "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
              on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
              subsequently incorporated within the Work.
        
           2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
              this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
              worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
              copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
              publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
              Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
        
           3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
              this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
              worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
              (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
              use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
              where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
              by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
              Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
              with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
              institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
              cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
              or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
              or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
              granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
              as of the date such litigation is filed.
        
           4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
              Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
              modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
              meet the following conditions:
        
              (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
                  Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
        
              (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
                  stating that You changed the files; and
        
              (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
                  that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
                  attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
                  excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
                  the Derivative Works; and
        
              (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
                  distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
                  include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
                  within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
                  pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
                  of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
                  as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
                  documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
                  within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
                  wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
                  of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
                  do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
                  notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
                  or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
                  that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
                  as modifying the License.
        
              You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
              may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
              for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
              for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
              reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
              the conditions stated in this License.
        
           5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
              any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
              by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
              this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
              Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
              the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
              with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
        
           6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
              names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
              except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
              origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
        
           7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
              agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
              Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
              WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
              implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
              of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
              PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
              appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
              risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
        
           8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
              whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
              unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
              negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
              liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
              incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
              result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
              Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
              work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
              other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
              has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
        
           9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
              the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
              and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
              or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
              License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
              on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
              of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
              defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
              incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
              of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
        
           END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
        
           APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
        
              To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
              boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
              replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
              the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
              comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
              file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
              same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
              identification within third-party archives.
        
           Copyright 2025 FutureHouse
        
           Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
           you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
           You may obtain a copy of the License at
        
               http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
        
           Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
           distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
           WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
           See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
           limitations under the License.
        
Project-URL: issues, https://github.com/Future-House/ether0/issues
Project-URL: repository, https://github.com/Future-House/ether0
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Artificial Intelligence
Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Chemistry
Requires-Python: >=3.11
Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
License-File: LICENSE
Requires-Dist: accelerate>=1.10.1
Requires-Dist: datasets
Requires-Dist: exmol>=3.3.0
Requires-Dist: gradio>=5.44.0
Requires-Dist: httpx
Requires-Dist: huggingface-hub
Requires-Dist: molbloom==2.3.4
Requires-Dist: pydantic>=2
Requires-Dist: rdkit
Requires-Dist: regex
Requires-Dist: spaces>=0.40.1
Requires-Dist: tenacity
Provides-Extra: add-tokens
Requires-Dist: ipykernel; extra == "add-tokens"
Requires-Dist: ipywidgets>=8; extra == "add-tokens"
Requires-Dist: transformers>=4.49; extra == "add-tokens"
Provides-Extra: baselines
Requires-Dist: fhaviary>=0.19; extra == "baselines"
Requires-Dist: fhlmi>=0.26; extra == "baselines"
Requires-Dist: ipython; extra == "baselines"
Provides-Extra: dev
Requires-Dist: ether0[add-tokens,typing]; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: huggingface-hub[cli]; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: ipython>=8; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: mypy>=1.8; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: pre-commit>=3.4; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: pylint>=3; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: pytest; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: pytest-subtests; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: pytest-sugar; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: pytest-timer[colorama]; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: pytest-xdist; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: refurb>=2; extra == "dev"
Requires-Dist: typeguard; extra == "dev"
Provides-Extra: typing
Requires-Dist: types-regex; extra == "typing"
Dynamic: license-file

# ether0 Reward Model

[![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/github-%23121011.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white)](https://github.com/Future-House/ether0)
[![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2506.17238-b31b1b.svg)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17238)
[![Project Status: Active](https://www.repostatus.org/badges/latest/active.svg)](https://www.repostatus.org/#active)
![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache_2.0-blue.svg)

[![Tests](https://github.com/Future-House/ether0/actions/workflows/lint-test.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/Future-House/ether0/actions)
[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)
[![python](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-3.11+-blue?style=flat&logo=python&logoColor=white)](https://www.python.org)
[![Model on HF](https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/badges/resolve/main/model-on-hf-md-dark.svg)](https://huggingface.co/futurehouse/ether0)
[![Dataset on HF](https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/badges/resolve/main/dataset-on-hf-md-dark.svg)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/futurehouse/ether0-benchmark)

![ether0 logo](docs/assets/ether0_logo.svg)

_ether0: a scientific reasoning model, dataset, and reward functions for chemistry._

This repo contains the reward model for evaluating ether0 and similar models,
along with utilities for working with the verifiable rewards in
[our benchmark](https://huggingface.co/datasets/futurehouse/ether0-benchmark).

## Overview

ether0 is a reasoning language model post-trained through a loop of:

1. Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on long chain-of-thought reasoning traces,
   to elicit reasoning from a base model.
2. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR)
   to improve reasoning on focused task groups, at their own pace.
   These multitask learned models are referred to as 'specialists'.
3. Rejection sampling to filter specialists' reasoning
   for correctness and quality.
4. SFT on the base model again to make a 'generalist' reasoning model.
5. RLVR to recover any lost performance and push further in an all-task setting.

![ether0 training info](docs/assets/training_info.png)

### Repo Structure

This repo contains several packages:

- `ether0`: reward functions, `rdkit` data utilities,
  dataset generation prompts, dataset data models,
  language model training prompts, and data models.
- `ether0.remotes`: server code for ether0 reward functions involving
  exotic packages and/or third party models.

> [!NOTE]
> This repo does not contain training code,
> although you can find open source repositories like [NeMo-RL](https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo-RL)
> or [Hugging Face TRL](https://github.com/huggingface/trl)
> that can do the SFT and RL phases of training.

### Open Weights

Please see our open-source weights on Hugging Face:
<https://huggingface.co/futurehouse/ether0>

```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("futurehouse/ether0")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("futurehouse/ether0")
```

### Open Test Set

Please see our open-source benchmark (test set) on Hugging Face:
<https://huggingface.co/datasets/futurehouse/ether0-benchmark>

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

test_ds = load_dataset("futurehouse/ether0-benchmark", split="test")
```

## Usage

### Installation

The easiest way to get started is a `pip install` from GitHub:

```bash
pip install git+https://github.com/Future-House/ether0.git
```

Or if you want the full set up, clone the repo and use `uv`:

```bash
git clone https://github.com/Future-House/ether0.git
cd ether0
uv sync
```

### Reward Functions

Here is a basic example of how to use the reward functions:

```python
from ether0.rewards import valid_mol_eval

# Task: provide a valid completion of this molecule
partial_smiles = "O=C(OC1C(OC(=O)C=2C=CC=CC2)C3(O)C(C)(C)CCCC3(C)C4CC=5OC=CC5C(C)C14"

# Here's two model-proposed SMILES completions
invalid_completion_smiles = "CCC"
valid_completion_smiles = ")C=6C=CC=CC6"

# Evaluate the completions
assert not valid_mol_eval(invalid_completion_smiles, partial_smiles)
assert valid_mol_eval(valid_completion_smiles, partial_smiles)
```

### Visualization

If it helps, you can visualize the molecules:

```python
from ether0.data import draw_molecule

# See above reward functions demo for where these came from
partial_smiles = "O=C(OC1C(OC(=O)C=2C=CC=CC2)C3(O)C(C)(C)CCCC3(C)C4CC=5OC=CC5C(C)C14"
invalid_completion_smiles = "CCC"
valid_completion_smiles = ")C=6C=CC=CC6"

valid_mol_text = draw_molecule(partial_smiles + valid_completion_smiles)
with open("valid_molecule.svg", "w") as f:
    f.write(valid_mol_text)
```

The output of `draw_molecule` can also be easily visualized using `IPython.display`,
or in your terminal via `chafa valid_molecule.svg`
([chafa docs](https://hpjansson.org/chafa/)).

![valid molecule](docs/assets/valid_molecule.svg)

### Benchmark

Here is a sample baseline of
[`ether0-benchmark`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/futurehouse/ether0-benchmark)
on `gpt-4o` using [`lmi`](https://github.com/Future-House/ldp/tree/main/packages/lmi).
To install `lmi`, please install `ether0` with the `baselines` extra
(for example `uv sync --extra baselines`).

We also need to run our remote rewards server via `ether0-serve`
(for more information, see [`ether0.remotes` docs](packages/remotes/README.md)):

```bash
ETHER0_REMOTES_API_TOKEN=abc123 ether0-serve
```

Next, start `ipython` with the relevant environment variables set:

```bash
ETHER0_REMOTES_API_BASE_URL="http://127.0.0.1:8000" ETHER0_REMOTES_API_TOKEN=abc123 \
    ipython
```

And run the following Python code:

```python
import itertools
import statistics
from collections import defaultdict

from aviary.core import Message
from datasets import load_dataset
from lmi import LiteLLMModel
from tqdm.asyncio import tqdm_asyncio as asyncio

from ether0.data import get_problem_category
from ether0.model_prompts import LOOSE_XML_ANSWER_USER_PROMPT, extract_answer_loose
from ether0.models import RewardFunctionInfo
from ether0.rewards import EVAL_FUNCTIONS

# Add LLM prompt of your making to the dataset
test_ds = load_dataset("futurehouse/ether0-benchmark", split="test").map(
    lambda x: {"prompt": "\n\n".join((LOOSE_XML_ANSWER_USER_PROMPT, x["problem"]))}
)

# Prompt to LLM
model = LiteLLMModel(name="gpt-4o")
results = await asyncio.gather(
    *(model.acompletion([Message(content=row["prompt"])]) for row in test_ds),
    desc="Running evaluation",
)

# Compute rewards
per_category_rewards = defaultdict(list)
for row, result in zip(test_ds, results, strict=True):
    # NOTE: you can also use `ether0.rewards.accuracy_reward`,
    # but we decided to go a bit "lower level" for this demo
    reward_info = RewardFunctionInfo.model_validate(row["solution"])
    yhat = extract_answer_loose(result[0].text)
    reward = EVAL_FUNCTIONS[reward_info.fxn_name](
        yhat=yhat, y=reward_info.answer_info, test=True
    )
    per_category_rewards[get_problem_category(reward_info.problem_type)].append(reward)

for category, rewards in sorted(per_category_rewards.items()):
    print(
        f"In category {category!r} of {len(rewards)} questions,"
        f" average reward was {statistics.mean(rewards):.3f}."
    )
accuracy = statistics.mean(itertools.chain.from_iterable(per_category_rewards.values()))
print(f"Cumulative average reward across {len(test_ds)} questions was {accuracy:.3f}.")
```