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muellerzr commited on May 21, 2024

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index.html +594 -346
llm_conf.html +0 -1337

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 </head>
 <body class="quarto-dark">
   <div class="reveal">
     <div class="slides">
 <section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
-  <h1 class="title">Accelerate, Three Powerful Sublibraries for PyTorch</h1>
 <div class="quarto-title-authors">
-<div class="quarto-title-author">
-<div class="quarto-title-author-name">
-Zachary Mueller
-</div>
-</div>
 </div>
 </section>
@@ -406,324 +403,554 @@ Zachary Mueller
 <h2>Who am I?</h2>
 <ul>
 <li>Zachary Mueller</li>
-<li>Deep Learning Software Engineer at 🤗</li>
 <li>API design geek</li>
 </ul>
 </section>
 <section id="what-is-accelerate" class="slide level2">
 <h2>What is 🤗 Accelerate?</h2>
 <div class="cell" data-reveal="true" data-fig-height="6">
 <div class="cell-output-display">
 <div>
-<p>
-</p><pre class="mermaid mermaid-js" data-tooltip-selector="#mermaid-tooltip-1">graph LR
-    A{"🤗 Accelerate#32;"}
-    A --&gt; B["Launching&lt;br&gt;Interface#32;"]
     A --&gt; C["Training Library#32;"]
     A --&gt; D["Big Model&lt;br&gt;Inference#32;"]
 </pre>
-<div id="mermaid-tooltip-1" class="mermaidTooltip">
 </div>
-<p></p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </section>
-<section>
-<section id="a-launching-interface" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
-<h1>A Launching Interface</h1>
-<p>Can’t I just use <code>python do_the_thing.py</code>?</p>
 </section>
-<section id="a-launching-interface-1" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Launching Interface</h2>
-<p>Launching scripts in different environments is complicated:</p>
 <ul>
-<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1"></a><span class="ex">python</span> script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
-<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a><span class="ex">torchrun</span> <span class="at">--nnodes</span><span class="op">=</span>1 <span class="at">--nproc_per_node</span><span class="op">=</span>2 script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
-<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1"></a><span class="ex">deepspeed</span> <span class="at">--num_gpus</span><span class="op">=</span>2 script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
 </ul>
-<p>And more!</p>
 </section>
-<section id="a-launching-interface-2" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Launching Interface</h2>
-<p>But it doesn’t have to be:</p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1"></a><span class="ex">accelerate</span> launch script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-<p>A single command to launch with <code>DeepSpeed</code>, Fully Sharded Data Parallelism, across single and multi CPUs and GPUs, and to train on TPUs<sup>1</sup> too!</p>
-<aside><ol class="aside-footnotes"><li id="fn1"><p>Without needing to modify your code and create a <code>_mp_fn</code></p></li></ol></aside></section>
-<section id="a-launching-interface-3" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Launching Interface</h2>
-<p>Generate a device-specific configuration through <code>accelerate config</code></p>
-<img data-src="CLI.gif" class="r-stretch"></section>
-<section id="a-launching-interface-4" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Launching Interface</h2>
-<p>Or don’t. <code>accelerate config</code> doesn’t <em>have</em> to be done!</p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1"></a><span class="ex">torchrun</span> <span class="at">--nnodes</span><span class="op">=</span>1 <span class="at">--nproc_per_node</span><span class="op">=</span>2 script.py</span>
-<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2"></a><span class="ex">accelerate</span> launch <span class="at">--multi_gpu</span> <span class="at">--nproc_per_node</span><span class="op">=</span>2 script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-<p>A quick default configuration can be made too:</p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1"></a><span class="ex">accelerate</span> config default</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </section>
-<section id="a-launching-interface-5" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Launching Interface</h2>
-<p>With the <code>notebook_launcher</code> it’s also possible to launch code directly from your Jupyter environment too!</p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> notebook_launcher</span>
-<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2"></a>notebook_launcher(</span>
-<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3"></a>    training_loop_function, </span>
-<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4"></a>    args, </span>
-<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5"></a>    num_processes<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">2</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1"></a>Launching training on <span class="dv">2</span> GPUs.</span>
-<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2"></a>epoch <span class="dv">0</span>: <span class="fl">88.12</span></span>
-<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3"></a>epoch <span class="dv">1</span>: <span class="fl">91.73</span></span>
-<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4"></a>epoch <span class="dv">2</span>: <span class="fl">92.58</span></span>
-<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5"></a>epoch <span class="dv">3</span>: <span class="fl">93.90</span></span>
-<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6"></a>epoch <span class="dv">4</span>: <span class="fl">94.71</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </section></section>
 <section>
 <section id="a-training-library" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
 <h1>A Training Library</h1>
-<p>Okay, will <code>accelerate launch</code> make <code>do_the_thing.py</code> use all my GPUs magically?</p>
-</section>
-<section id="a-training-library-1" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Just showed that its possible using <code>accelerate launch</code> to <em>launch</em> a python script in various distributed environments</li>
-<li>This does <em>not</em> mean that the script will just “use” that code and still run on the new compute efficiently.</li>
-<li>Training on different computes often means <em>many</em> lines of code changed for each specific compute.</li>
-<li>🤗 <code>accelerate</code> solves this by ensuring the same code can be ran on a CPU or GPU, multiples, and on TPUs!</li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="a-training-library-2" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library</h2>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
-<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2"></a>    optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
-<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
-<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4"></a>    inputs <span class="op">=</span> inputs.to(device)</span>
-<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5"></a>    targets <span class="op">=</span> targets.to(device)</span>
-<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6"></a>    outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7"></a>    loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
-<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8"></a>    loss.backward()</span>
-<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9"></a>    optimizer.step()</span>
-<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10"></a>    scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </section>
-<section id="a-training-library-3" class="slide level2 smaller">
-<h2>A Training Library</h2>
-<div class="columns">
-<div class="column" style="width:43%;">
 <p><br><br><br></p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10" data-code-line-numbers="5-6,9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1"></a><span class="co"># For alignment purposes</span></span>
-<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
-<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3"></a>    optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
-<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
-<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5"></a>    inputs <span class="op">=</span> inputs.to(device)</span>
-<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6"></a>    targets <span class="op">=</span> targets.to(device)</span>
-<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7"></a>    outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb10-8"><a href="#cb10-8"></a>    loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
-<span id="cb10-9"><a href="#cb10-9"></a>    loss.backward()</span>
-<span id="cb10-10"><a href="#cb10-10"></a>    optimizer.step()</span>
-<span id="cb10-11"><a href="#cb10-11"></a>    scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</div><div class="column" style="width:57%;">
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11" data-code-line-numbers="1-7,12-13,16"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> Accelerator</span>
-<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2"></a>accelerator <span class="op">=</span> Accelerator()</span>
-<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3"></a>dataloader, model, optimizer scheduler <span class="op">=</span> (</span>
-<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4"></a>    accelerator.prepare(</span>
-<span id="cb11-5"><a href="#cb11-5"></a>        dataloader, model, optimizer, scheduler</span>
-<span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6"></a>    )</span>
-<span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7"></a>)</span>
-<span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8"></a></span>
-<span id="cb11-9"><a href="#cb11-9"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
-<span id="cb11-10"><a href="#cb11-10"></a>    optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
-<span id="cb11-11"><a href="#cb11-11"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
-<span id="cb11-12"><a href="#cb11-12"></a>    <span class="co"># inputs = inputs.to(device)</span></span>
-<span id="cb11-13"><a href="#cb11-13"></a>    <span class="co"># targets = targets.to(device)</span></span>
-<span id="cb11-14"><a href="#cb11-14"></a>    outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb11-15"><a href="#cb11-15"></a>    loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
-<span id="cb11-16"><a href="#cb11-16"></a>    accelerator.backward(loss) <span class="co"># loss.backward()</span></span>
-<span id="cb11-17"><a href="#cb11-17"></a>    optimizer.step()</span>
-<span id="cb11-18"><a href="#cb11-18"></a>    scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </section>
-<section id="a-training-library-4" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library</h2>
-<p>What all happened in <code>Accelerator.prepare</code>?</p>
-<div>
-<ol type="1">
-<li class="fragment"><code>Accelerator</code> looked at the configuration</li>
-<li class="fragment">The <code>dataloader</code> was converted into one that can dispatch each batch onto a seperate GPU</li>
-<li class="fragment">The <code>model</code> was wrapped with the appropriate DDP wrapper from either <code>torch.distributed</code> or <code>torch_xla</code></li>
-<li class="fragment">The <code>optimizer</code> and <code>scheduler</code> were both converted into an <code>AcceleratedOptimizer</code> and <code>AcceleratedScheduler</code> which knows how to handle any distributed scenario</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
 </section>
 <section id="a-training-library-mixed-precision" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library, Mixed Precision</h2>
-<p>🤗 <code>accelerate</code> also supports <em>automatic mixed precision</em>.</p>
-<p>Through a single flag to the <code>Accelerator</code> object when calling <code>accelerator.backward()</code> the mixed precision of your choosing (such as <code>bf16</code> or <code>fp16</code>) will be applied:</p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb12" data-code-line-numbers="2,9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> Accelerator</span>
-<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2"></a>accelerator <span class="op">=</span> Accelerator(mixed_precision<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"fp16"</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3"></a>...</span>
-<span id="cb12-4"><a href="#cb12-4"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
-<span id="cb12-5"><a href="#cb12-5"></a>    optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
-<span id="cb12-6"><a href="#cb12-6"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
-<span id="cb12-7"><a href="#cb12-7"></a>    outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb12-8"><a href="#cb12-8"></a>    loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
-<span id="cb12-9"><a href="#cb12-9"></a>    accelerator.backward(loss)</span>
-<span id="cb12-10"><a href="#cb12-10"></a>    optimizer.step()</span>
-<span id="cb12-11"><a href="#cb12-11"></a>    scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</section>
-<section id="a-training-library-gradient-accumulation" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library, Gradient Accumulation</h2>
-<p>Gradient accumulation in distributed setups often need extra care to ensure gradients are aligned when they need to be and the backward pass is computationally efficient.</p>
-<p>🤗 <code>accelerate</code> can just easily handle this for you:</p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb13" data-code-line-numbers="2,5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> Accelerator</span>
-<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2"></a>accelerator <span class="op">=</span> Accelerator(gradient_accumulation_steps<span class="op">=</span><span class="dv">4</span>)</span>
-<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3"></a>...</span>
-<span id="cb13-4"><a href="#cb13-4"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
-<span id="cb13-5"><a href="#cb13-5"></a>    <span class="cf">with</span> accelerator.accumulate(model):</span>
-<span id="cb13-6"><a href="#cb13-6"></a>        optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
-<span id="cb13-7"><a href="#cb13-7"></a>        inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
-<span id="cb13-8"><a href="#cb13-8"></a>        outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb13-9"><a href="#cb13-9"></a>        loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
-<span id="cb13-10"><a href="#cb13-10"></a>        accelerator.backward(loss)</span>
-<span id="cb13-11"><a href="#cb13-11"></a>        optimizer.step()</span>
-<span id="cb13-12"><a href="#cb13-12"></a>        scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</section>
-<section id="a-training-library-gradient-accumulation-1" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library, Gradient Accumulation</h2>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb14" data-code-line-numbers="5-7,10,11,12,15"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1"></a>ddp_model, dataloader <span class="op">=</span> accelerator.prepare(model, dataloader)</span>
-<span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2"></a></span>
-<span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3"></a><span class="cf">for</span> index, batch <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">enumerate</span>(dataloader):</span>
-<span id="cb14-4"><a href="#cb14-4"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
-<span id="cb14-5"><a href="#cb14-5"></a>    <span class="cf">if</span> index <span class="op">!=</span> (<span class="bu">len</span>(dataloader)<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>) <span class="kw">or</span> (index <span class="op">%</span> <span class="dv">4</span>) <span class="op">!=</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
-<span id="cb14-6"><a href="#cb14-6"></a>        <span class="co"># Gradients don't sync</span></span>
-<span id="cb14-7"><a href="#cb14-7"></a>        <span class="cf">with</span> accelerator.no_sync(model):</span>
-<span id="cb14-8"><a href="#cb14-8"></a>            outputs <span class="op">=</span> ddp_model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb14-9"><a href="#cb14-9"></a>            loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_func(outputs, targets)</span>
-<span id="cb14-10"><a href="#cb14-10"></a>            accelerator.backward(loss)</span>
-<span id="cb14-11"><a href="#cb14-11"></a>    <span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
-<span id="cb14-12"><a href="#cb14-12"></a>        <span class="co"># Gradients finally sync</span></span>
-<span id="cb14-13"><a href="#cb14-13"></a>        outputs <span class="op">=</span> ddp_model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb14-14"><a href="#cb14-14"></a>        loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_func(outputs)</span>
-<span id="cb14-15"><a href="#cb14-15"></a>        accelerator.backward(loss)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</section></section>
-<section>
-<section id="big-model-inference" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
-<h1>Big Model Inference</h1>
-<p>Stable Diffusion taking the world by storm</p>
-</section>
-<section id="bigger-models-higher-compute" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Bigger Models == Higher Compute</h2>
-<p>As more large models were being released, Hugging Face quickly realized there must be a way to continue our decentralization of Machine Learning and have the day-to-day programmer be able to leverage these big models.</p>
-<p>Born out of this effort by Sylvain Gugger:</p>
-<p>🤗 Accelerate: Big Model Inference.</p>
 </section>
-<section id="the-basic-premise" class="slide level2">
-<h2>The Basic Premise</h2>
-<div>
 <ul>
-<li class="fragment"><p>In PyTorch, there exists the <code>meta</code> device.</p></li>
-<li class="fragment"><p>Super small footprint to load in huge models quickly by not loading in their weights immediatly.</p></li>
-<li class="fragment"><p>As an input gets passed through each layer, we can load and unload <em>parts</em> of the PyTorch model quickly so that only a small portion of the big model is loaded in at a single time.</p></li>
-<li class="fragment"><p>The end result? Stable Diffusion v1 can be ran on &lt; 800mb of vRAM</p></li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </section>
-<section id="the-code" class="slide level2">
-<h2>The Code</h2>
-<p>Generally you start with something like so:</p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> torch</span>
-<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2"></a></span>
-<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3"></a>my_model <span class="op">=</span> ModelClass(...)</span>
-<span id="cb15-4"><a href="#cb15-4"></a>state_dict <span class="op">=</span> torch.load(checkpoint_file)</span>
-<span id="cb15-5"><a href="#cb15-5"></a>my_model.load_state_dict(state_dict)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-<p>But this has issues:</p>
-<ol type="1">
-<li>The full version of the model is loaded at <code>3</code></li>
-<li>Another version of the model is loaded into memory at <code>4</code></li>
-</ol>
-<p>If a 6 <em>billion</em> parameter model is being loaded, each model class has a dictionary of 24GB so 48GB of vRAM is needed</p>
-</section>
-<section id="empty-model-weights" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Empty Model Weights</h2>
-<p>We can fix step 1 by loading in an empty model skeleton at first:</p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb16" data-code-line-numbers="1,3-4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> init_empty_weights</span>
-<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2"></a></span>
-<span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3"></a><span class="cf">with</span> init_empty_weights():</span>
-<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4"></a>    my_model <span class="op">=</span> ModelClass(...)</span>
-<span id="cb16-5"><a href="#cb16-5"></a>state_dict <span class="op">=</span> torch.load(checkpoint_file)</span>
-<span id="cb16-6"><a href="#cb16-6"></a>my_model.load_state_dict(state_dict)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-<div class="callout callout-important callout-captioned callout-style-default">
-<div class="callout-body">
-<div class="callout-caption">
-<div class="callout-icon-container">
-<i class="callout-icon"></i>
-</div>
-<p><strong>This code will not run</strong></p>
-</div>
-<div class="callout-content">
-<p>It is likely that just calling <code>my_model(x)</code> will fail as not all tensor operations are supported on the <code>meta</code> device.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
 </div>
 </section>
-<section id="sharded-checkpoints---the-concept" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Sharded Checkpoints - The Concept</h2>
-<p>The next step is to have “Sharded Checkpoints” saved for your model.</p>
-<p>Basically smaller chunks of your model weights stored that can be brought in at any particular time.</p>
-<p>This reduces the amount of memory step 2 takes in since we can just load in a “chunk” of the model at a time, then swap it out for a new chunk through PyTorch hooks</p>
-</section>
-<section id="sharded-checkpoints---the-code" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Sharded Checkpoints - The Code</h2>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb17" data-code-line-numbers="1,6-8"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> init_empty_weights, load_checkpoint_and_dispatch</span>
-<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2"></a></span>
-<span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3"></a><span class="cf">with</span> init_empty_weights():</span>
-<span id="cb17-4"><a href="#cb17-4"></a>    my_model <span class="op">=</span> ModelClass(...)</span>
-<span id="cb17-5"><a href="#cb17-5"></a></span>
-<span id="cb17-6"><a href="#cb17-6"></a>my_model <span class="op">=</span> load_checkpoint_and_dispatch(</span>
-<span id="cb17-7"><a href="#cb17-7"></a>    my_model, <span class="st">"sharded-weights"</span>, device_map<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"auto"</span></span>
-<span id="cb17-8"><a href="#cb17-8"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-<p><code>device_map="auto"</code> will tell 🤗 Accelerate that it should determine where to put each layer of the model:</p>
-<ol type="1">
-<li>Maximum space on the GPU(s)</li>
-<li>Maximum space on the CPU(s)</li>
-<li>Utilize disk space through memory-mapped tensors</li>
-</ol>
-</section>
-<section id="big-model-inference-put-together" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Big Model Inference Put Together</h2>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> init_empty_weights, load_checkpoint_and_dispatch</span>
-<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2"></a></span>
-<span id="cb18-3"><a href="#cb18-3"></a><span class="cf">with</span> init_empty_weights():</span>
-<span id="cb18-4"><a href="#cb18-4"></a>    my_model <span class="op">=</span> ModelClass(...)</span>
-<span id="cb18-5"><a href="#cb18-5"></a></span>
-<span id="cb18-6"><a href="#cb18-6"></a>my_model <span class="op">=</span> load_checkpoint_and_dispatch(</span>
-<span id="cb18-7"><a href="#cb18-7"></a>    my_model, <span class="st">"sharded-weights"</span>, device_map<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"auto"</span></span>
-<span id="cb18-8"><a href="#cb18-8"></a>)</span>
-<span id="cb18-9"><a href="#cb18-9"></a>my_model.<span class="bu">eval</span>()</span>
-<span id="cb18-10"><a href="#cb18-10"></a></span>
-<span id="cb18-11"><a href="#cb18-11"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
-<span id="cb18-12"><a href="#cb18-12"></a>    output <span class="op">=</span> my_model(batch)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</section>
-<section id="is-there-an-easier-way" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Is there an easier way?</h2>
-<p>The <code>transformers</code> library combined with the Hub makes all this code wrapping much easier for you with the <code>pipeline</code></p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> torch</span>
-<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2"></a><span class="im">from</span> transformers <span class="im">import</span> pipeline</span>
-<span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3"></a>pipe <span class="op">=</span> pipeline(</span>
-<span id="cb19-4"><a href="#cb19-4"></a>    task<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"text-generation"</span>,</span>
-<span id="cb19-5"><a href="#cb19-5"></a>    model<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B"</span>,</span>
-<span id="cb19-6"><a href="#cb19-6"></a>    device_map<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"auto"</span>,</span>
-<span id="cb19-7"><a href="#cb19-7"></a>    torch_dtype<span class="op">=</span>torch.float16</span>
-<span id="cb19-8"><a href="#cb19-8"></a>)</span>
-<span id="cb19-9"><a href="#cb19-9"></a></span>
-<span id="cb19-10"><a href="#cb19-10"></a>text <span class="op">=</span> pipe(<span class="st">"This is some generated text, I think"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</section></section>
-<section>
-<section id="what-about-stable-diffusion" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
-<h1>What about Stable Diffusion?</h1>
-<p>A demo with <code>diffusers</code> &amp; Weights and Biases</p>
 </section>
 <section id="some-handy-resources" class="slide level2">
 <h2>Some Handy Resources</h2>
@@ -735,29 +962,29 @@ Zachary Mueller
 <li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/big_modeling">Big Model Inference tutorial</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/deepspeed">DeepSpeed and 🤗 Accelerate</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/fsdp">Fully Sharded Data Parallelism and 🤗 Accelerate</a></li>
 </ul>
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   <div class="reveal">
     <div class="slides">
 <section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
+  <h1 class="title">Scaling Model Training with More Compute, How Do They Do It?</h1>
 <div class="quarto-title-authors">
 </div>
 </section>
 <h2>Who am I?</h2>
 <ul>
 <li>Zachary Mueller</li>
+<li>Technical Lead for the 🤗 Accelerate project</li>
 <li>API design geek</li>
 </ul>
 </section>
+<section id="understanding-gpu-usage" class="slide level2">
+<h2>Understanding GPU Usage</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>We can somewhat estimate the memory usage in vanilla full-fine-tuning of models</li>
+<li>Requires certain assumptions (that I’ll be covering):
+<ul>
+<li>Adam optimizer</li>
+<li>Batch size of 1</li>
+</ul></li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section id="understanding-gpu-usage-1" class="slide level2">
+<h2>Understanding GPU Usage</h2>
+<p>General estimate (<code>bert-base-cased</code>, 108M params):</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Each parameter is 4 bytes</li>
+<li>Backward ~= 2x the model size</li>
+<li>The optimizer step ~= 4x the model size (1x model, 1x gradients, 2x optimizer):</li>
+</ul>
+<div style="font-size: 50%;">
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>dtype</th>
+<th style="text-align: left;">Model</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Gradients</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Backward pass</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Optimizer step</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Highest</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>float32</td>
+<td style="text-align: left;">413.18 MB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">413.18 MB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">826.36 MB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">1.61 GB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">1.61 GB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>float16</td>
+<td style="text-align: left;">413.18 MB*</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">619.77 MB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">826.36 MB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">826.36 MB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">826.36 MB</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>*All estimations were based off the <a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/hf-accelerate/model-memory-usage">Model Estimator Tool</a></p>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="understanding-gpu-usage-2" class="slide level2">
+<h2>Understanding GPU Usage</h2>
+<p>This works fine for small models, we have cards with anywhere from 12-24GB of GPU memory (on the GPU-poor side).</p>
+<p>But what happens as we scale?</p>
+<p>Here’s <code>llama-3-8B</code> (8.03B parameters)</p>
+<div style="font-size: 50%;">
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>dtype</th>
+<th style="text-align: left;">Model</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Gradients</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Backward pass</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Optimizer step</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Highest</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>float32</td>
+<td style="text-align: left;">28.21 GB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">28.21 GB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">56.43 GB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">112.84 GB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">112.84 GB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>float16</td>
+<td style="text-align: left;">28.21 GB*</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">42.32 GB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">56.43 GB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">56.43 GB</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">56.43 GB</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p>Well, <em>I</em> don’t have 56GB of GPU memory in a single card, let alone 112GB.</p>
+<p>What can we do?</p>
+</section>
+<section>
+<section id="distributed-training" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
+<h1>Distributed Training</h1>
+</section>
+<section id="kinds-of-training" class="slide level2">
+<h2>Kinds of Training</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Single GPU:
+<ul>
+<li>No distributed techniques at play</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>DDP:
+<ul>
+<li>A full copy of the model exists on each device, but data is chunked between each GPU</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>FSDP &amp; DeepSpeed:
+<ul>
+<li>Split chunks of the model and optimizer states across GPUs, allowing for training bigger models on smaller (multiple) GPUs</li>
+</ul></li>
+</ul>
+</section></section>
+<section>
+<section id="fully-sharded-data-parallelism" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
+<h1>Fully Sharded Data Parallelism</h1>
+</section>
+<section id="fully-sharded-data-parallelism-1" class="slide level2">
+<h2>Fully Sharded Data Parallelism</h2>
+<img data-src="fsdp.png" id="fig-539a35d47e664c97a50115a146a7f1bd-1" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><aside class="notes">
+<ul>
+<li>Take the model and split it across <code>n</code> GPUs</li>
+<li>Each GPU computes the shard’s gradients</li>
+<li>At the end, all gradients are synchronized and the final full model gradient is calculated</li>
+<li>The backward pass can then be performed</li>
+</ul>
+<style type="text/css">
+        span.MJX_Assistive_MathML {
+          position:absolute!important;
+          clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
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+          border: 0!important;
+          height: 1px!important;
+          width: 1px!important;
+          overflow: hidden!important;
+          display:block!important;
+      }</style></aside>
+</section>
+<section id="fsdp-getting-parameter-specific" class="slide level2">
+<h2>FSDP: Getting parameter specific</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Different parameters can dicatate how much memory is needed for total GPU training across multiple GPUs</li>
+<li>These include how model weights are sharded, gradients, and more.</li>
+<li>I’ll cover some important ones I needed when doing a Full-Fine-Tune of Llama-3-8B <em>without PEFT</em> on 2x4090’s</li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section id="sharding_strategy" class="slide level2">
+<h2><code>sharding_strategy</code></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Dictates the level of divving resources to perform
+<ul>
+<li><code>FULL_SHARD</code>: Includes optimizer states, gradients, and parameters</li>
+<li><code>SHARD_GRAD_OP</code>: Includes optimizer states and gradients</li>
+<li><code>NO_SHARD</code>: Normal DDP</li>
+<li><code>HYBRID_SHARD</code>: Includes optimizer states, gradients, and parameters but each node has the full model</li>
+</ul>
+<aside class="notes">
+<pre><code>FULL_SHARD:
+  Parameters, Gradients, Optimizer States: All are sharded.
+  Parameters Handling: Unshard before forward pass, reshard after forward pass, unshard before backward pass, reshard after backward pass.
+  Gradients Handling: Synchronize and shard after backward pass.
+  Optimizer States: Updated locally per rank.</code></pre>
+<p>SHARD_GRAD_OP: Gradients and Optimizer States: Sharded during computation. Parameters: Unshard before forward pass, remain unsharded during forward pass, reshard after backward pass. Inside no_sync(): Parameters are not resharded after backward computation. Optimizer States: Updated locally per rank.</p>
+<p>NO_SHARD: Parameters, Gradients, Optimizer States: Not sharded, replicated across ranks. Gradients Handling: Synchronized via all-reduce after backward pass. Optimizer States: Updated locally per rank.</p>
+<p>HYBRID_SHARD: Parameters, Gradients, Optimizer States: Combines FULL_SHARD within a node and replicates parameters across nodes. Communication: Expensive operations like all-gathers and reduce-scatters are limited to within a node, enhancing performance for medium-sized models.</p>
+<style type="text/css">
+        span.MJX_Assistive_MathML {
+          position:absolute!important;
+          clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+          padding: 1px 0 0 0!important;
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+          display:block!important;
+      }</style></aside></li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section id="auto_wrap_policy" class="slide level2">
+<h2><code>auto_wrap_policy</code>:</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>How the model should be split</li>
+<li>Can be either <code>TRANSFORMER_BASED_WRAP</code> or <code>SIZE_BASED_WRAP</code></li>
+<li><code>TRANSFORMER</code>/<code>fsdp_transformers_layer_cls_to_wrap</code>:
+<ul>
+<li>Need to declare the layer</li>
+<li>Generally <code>transformers</code> has good defaults</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li><code>SIZE</code>/<code>fsdp_min_num_param</code>:
+<ul>
+<li>Number of total parameters in a shard</li>
+</ul></li>
+</ul>
+</section>
+<section id="offload_params" class="slide level2">
+<h2><code>offload_params</code>:</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Offloads the parameters and gradients to the CPU if they can’t fit into memory</li>
+<li>Allows you to train much larger models locally, but will be much slower</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Case: FFT of Llama-3-8B with <code>fsdp_offload_params</code> on 2x4090 GPUs was 72hrs, vs ~an hour or two when using 1xH100</p>
+</blockquote>
+</section>
+<section id="cpu_ram_efficient_loading-and-sync_module_states" class="slide level2">
+<h2><code>cpu_ram_efficient_loading</code> and <code>sync_module_states</code></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Uses the idea behind big model inference/the <code>meta</code> device to load in the model to the GPU in a low-ram scenario</li>
+<li>Rather than needing <code>model_size</code> * <code>n_gpus</code> RAM, we can load the model on a single node and then send the weights directly to each shard when the time is right via <code>sync_module_states</code></li>
+</ul>
+</section></section>
+<section>
+<section id="tying-this-to-accelerate" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
+<h1>Tying this to 🤗 Accelerate</h1>
+</section>
+<section id="tying-this-to-accelerate-1" class="slide level2">
+<h2>Tying this to 🤗 Accelerate</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>So far we’ve covered the theory, but how do we put it into practice</li>
+<li>By using a library that’s at the heart of the entire open-source ecosystem</li>
+</ul>
+<div style="font-size: 60%;padding-left:10%;padding-top:0%;">
+<ul>
+<li>Nearly all of 🤗</li>
+<li><code>axolotl</code></li>
+<li><code>fastai</code></li>
+<li><code>FastChat</code></li>
+<li><code>lucidrains</code></li>
+<li><code>kornia</code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>Are you using it and you don’t even know?</p>
+</section>
 <section id="what-is-accelerate" class="slide level2">
 <h2>What is 🤗 Accelerate?</h2>
 <div class="cell" data-reveal="true" data-fig-height="6">
 <div class="cell-output-display">
 <div>
+<div>
+<pre class="mermaid mermaid-js">graph LR
+    A(("🤗 Accelerate#32;"))
+    A --&gt; B["CLI Interface#32;"]
     A --&gt; C["Training Library#32;"]
     A --&gt; D["Big Model&lt;br&gt;Inference#32;"]
 </pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </section>
+<section id="a-cli-interface" class="slide level2">
+<h2>A CLI Interface</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><code>accelerate config</code>
+<ul>
+<li>Configure the environment</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li><code>accelerate estimate-memory</code>
+<ul>
+<li>How to guess vRAM requirements</li>
+</ul></li>
+<li><code>accelerate launch</code>
+<ul>
+<li>How to run your script</li>
+</ul></li>
+</ul>
 </section>
+<section id="launching-distributed-training-is-hard" class="slide level2">
+<h2>Launching distributed training is hard</h2>
 <ul>
+<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a><span class="ex">python</span> script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
+<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1"></a><span class="ex">torchrun</span> <span class="at">--nnodes</span><span class="op">=</span>1 <span class="at">--nproc_per_node</span><span class="op">=</span>2 script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
+<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1"></a><span class="ex">deepspeed</span> <span class="at">--num_gpus</span><span class="op">=</span>2 script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
 </ul>
+<p>How can we make this better?</p>
 </section>
+<section id="accelerate-launch" class="slide level2">
+<h2><code>accelerate launch</code></h2>
+<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1"></a><span class="ex">accelerate</span> launch script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </section>
+<section id="accelerate-config" class="slide level2">
+<h2><code>accelerate config</code></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Rely on <code>config.yaml</code> files</li>
+<li>Choose to either running <code>accelerate config</code> or write your own:</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="columns" style="font-size: 50%;padding-left:10%;">
+<div class="column" style="width:40%;">
+<div class="code-with-filename">
+<div class="code-with-filename-file">
+<pre><strong>ddp_config.yaml</strong></pre>
+</div>
+<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" data-filename="ddp_config.yaml"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource yaml number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode yaml"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1"></a><span class="fu">compute_environment</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> LOCAL_MACHINE</span></span>
+<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2"></a><span class="fu">distributed_type</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> MULTI_GPU</span></span>
+<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3"></a><span class="fu">main_training_function</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> main</span></span>
+<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4"></a><span class="fu">mixed_precision</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> bf16</span></span>
+<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5"></a><span class="fu">num_machines</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6"></a><span class="fu">num_processes</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="dv">8</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
+</div>
+</div><div class="column" style="width:40%;">
+<div class="code-with-filename">
+<div class="code-with-filename-file">
+<pre><strong>fsdp_config.yaml</strong></pre>
+</div>
+<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" data-filename="fsdp_config.yaml"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource yaml number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode yaml"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1"></a><span class="fu">compute_environment</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> LOCAL_MACHINE</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2"></a><span class="fu">distributed_type</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> FSDP</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3"></a><span class="fu">fsdp_config</span><span class="kw">:</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_auto_wrap_policy</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> TRANSFORMER_BASED_WRAP</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_backward_prefetch</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> BACKWARD_PRE</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_cpu_ram_efficient_loading</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">true</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_forward_prefetch</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">false</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_offload_params</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">false</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-9"><a href="#cb7-9"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_sharding_strategy</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> FULL_SHARD</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-10"><a href="#cb7-10"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_state_dict_type</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> SHARDED_STATE_DICT</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-11"><a href="#cb7-11"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_sync_module_states</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">true</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-12"><a href="#cb7-12"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_use_orig_params</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">false</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-13"><a href="#cb7-13"></a><span class="fu">main_training_function</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> main</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-14"><a href="#cb7-14"></a><span class="fu">mixed_precision</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> bf16</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-15"><a href="#cb7-15"></a><span class="fu">num_machines</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb7-16"><a href="#cb7-16"></a><span class="fu">num_processes</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="dv">8</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
 </section></section>
 <section>
 <section id="a-training-library" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
 <h1>A Training Library</h1>
 </section>
+<section id="a-training-library-the-code" class="slide level2">
+<h2>A Training Library: The Code</h2>
+<div class="columns" style="font-size: 50%;">
+<div class="column">
 <p><br><br><br></p>
+<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8" data-code-line-numbers="5-6,9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1"></a><span class="co"># For alignment purposes</span></span>
+<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
+<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3"></a>    optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
+<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
+<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5"></a>    inputs <span class="op">=</span> inputs.to(device)</span>
+<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6"></a>    targets <span class="op">=</span> targets.to(device)</span>
+<span id="cb8-7"><a href="#cb8-7"></a>    outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
+<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8"></a>    loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
+<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9"></a>    loss.backward()</span>
+<span id="cb8-10"><a href="#cb8-10"></a>    optimizer.step()</span>
+<span id="cb8-11"><a href="#cb8-11"></a>    scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
+</div><div class="column">
+<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9" data-code-line-numbers="1-7,12-13,16"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> Accelerator</span>
+<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2"></a>accelerator <span class="op">=</span> Accelerator()</span>
+<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3"></a>dataloader, model, optimizer scheduler <span class="op">=</span> (</span>
+<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4"></a>    accelerator.prepare(</span>
+<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5"></a>        dataloader, model, optimizer, scheduler</span>
+<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6"></a>    )</span>
+<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7"></a>)</span>
+<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8"></a></span>
+<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
+<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10"></a>    optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
+<span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
+<span id="cb9-12"><a href="#cb9-12"></a>    <span class="co"># inputs = inputs.to(device)</span></span>
+<span id="cb9-13"><a href="#cb9-13"></a>    <span class="co"># targets = targets.to(device)</span></span>
+<span id="cb9-14"><a href="#cb9-14"></a>    outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
+<span id="cb9-15"><a href="#cb9-15"></a>    loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
+<span id="cb9-16"><a href="#cb9-16"></a>    accelerator.backward(loss) <span class="co"># loss.backward()</span></span>
+<span id="cb9-17"><a href="#cb9-17"></a>    optimizer.step()</span>
+<span id="cb9-18"><a href="#cb9-18"></a>    scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </section>
+<section id="a-training-library-how-scaling-works" class="slide level2">
+<h2>A Training Library: How Scaling Works</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Accelerate’s DataLoaders and schedulers work off of a sharding mindset</li>
+<li>Rather than repeating the same data across <code>n</code> nodes, we instead split it</li>
+<li>Speeds up training linearly</li>
+<li>Given a batch size of 16 on a single GPU, to recreate this across 8 GPUs you would use a batch size of 2</li>
+<li>This also means the scheduler will be stepped <code>n</code> GPUs at a time per “global step”</li>
+</ul>
 </section>
 <section id="a-training-library-mixed-precision" class="slide level2">
+<h2>A Training Library: Mixed Precision</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>This may be a bit different than your “normal” idea of mixed precision.</li>
+<li>We do <strong>not</strong> convert the model weights to BF16/FP16</li>
+<li>Instead we <strong>wrap the forward pass</strong> with <code>autocast</code> to convert the gradients automatically</li>
+<li>This preserves the original precision of the weights, which leads to stable training and better fine-tuning later on.</li>
+<li><strong>If you use <code>.bf16()</code> weights, you are STUCK in bf16 perminantly</strong></li>
+</ul>
 </section>
+<section id="a-training-library-mixed-precision-1" class="slide level2">
+<h2>A Training Library: Mixed Precision</h2>
 <ul>
+<li>Let’s tie that back up to the model estimator with neat tools like NVIDIA’s TransformerEngine</li>
 </ul>
+<div style="font-size: 60%;">
+<table style="width:100%;">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 14%">
+<col style="width: 14%">
+<col style="width: 14%">
+<col style="width: 14%">
+<col style="width: 14%">
+<col style="width: 14%">
+<col style="width: 14%">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>Optimization Level</th>
+<th>Computation (GEMM)</th>
+<th>Comm</th>
+<th>Weight</th>
+<th>Master Weight</th>
+<th>Weight Gradient</th>
+<th>Optimizer States</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>FP16 AMP</td>
+<td>FP16</td>
+<td>FP32</td>
+<td>FP32</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+<td>FP32</td>
+<td>FP32+FP32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Nvidia TE</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP32</td>
+<td>FP32</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+<td>FP32</td>
+<td>FP32+FP32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>MS-AMP O1</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP16</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP32+FP32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>MS-AMP O2</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP16</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP8+FP16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>MS-AMP O3</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP16</td>
+<td>FP8</td>
+<td>FP8+FP16</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
 </div>
+<aside class="notes">
+<p>What is actually happening: * Linear Layers and other certain compatible layers are wrapped in a special version that allows for FP8 computation * The general forward pass is wrapped around BF16 * This means that the most memory saved is done during the gradients of the model, <em>not</em> the model itself. * With tools like <code>MS-AMP</code> we can convert more chunks into lower precision, but again like before stable training occurs when the models weights are in full precision and the backprop happens in full precision too.</p>
+<style type="text/css">
+        span.MJX_Assistive_MathML {
+          position:absolute!important;
+          clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
+          padding: 1px 0 0 0!important;
+          border: 0!important;
+          height: 1px!important;
+          width: 1px!important;
+          overflow: hidden!important;
+          display:block!important;
+      }</style></aside>
 </section>
+<section id="deepspeed-vs-fully-sharded-data-parallelism" class="slide level2">
+<h2>DeepSpeed vs Fully Sharded Data Parallelism</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Extremely similar, however mostly used different naming conventions for items and slight tweaks in the implementation</li>
+</ul>
+<div style="font-size: 50%;">
+<table style="width:100%;">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 16%">
+<col style="width: 16%">
+<col style="width: 16%">
+<col style="width: 16%">
+<col style="width: 16%">
+<col style="width: 16%">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>Framework</th>
+<th>Model Loading (<code>torch_dtype</code>)</th>
+<th>Mixed Precision</th>
+<th>Preparation (Local)</th>
+<th>Training</th>
+<th>Optimizer (Local)</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>FSDP</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>default (none)</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>FSDP</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>fp32</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>fp32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>DeepSpeed</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>fp32</td>
+<td>bf16</td>
+<td>fp32</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
 </div>
+<p>To learn more, check out the <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/concept_guides/fsdp_and_deepspeed">documentation</a> or join my office hours</p>
 </section>
+<section id="key-takeaways" class="slide level2">
+<h2>Key Takeaways:</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>You can scale out training with <code>accelerate</code>, FSDP, and DeepSpeed across multiple GPUs to train bigger models</li>
+<li>Techniques like <code>FP8</code> can help speed up training some and reduce computational overhead</li>
+<li>Comes at a cost of end-precision and locking model weights for futher fine-tunes if not careful</li>
+</ul>
 </section>
 <section id="some-handy-resources" class="slide level2">
 <h2>Some Handy Resources</h2>
 <li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/big_modeling">Big Model Inference tutorial</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/deepspeed">DeepSpeed and 🤗 Accelerate</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/fsdp">Fully Sharded Data Parallelism and 🤗 Accelerate</a></li>
+<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/concept_guides/fsdp_and_deepspeed">FSDP vs DeepSpeed In-Depth</a></li>
 </ul>
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 </div>
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-    code span.ch { color: #abe338; } /* Char */
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-    code span.dt { color: #ffa07a; } /* DataType */
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-    code span.vs { color: #abe338; } /* VerbatimString */
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-</head>
-<body class="quarto-dark">
-  <div class="reveal">
-    <div class="slides">
-<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
-  <h1 class="title">Scaling Model Training with More Compute, How Do They Do It?</h1>
-<div class="quarto-title-authors">
-</div>
-</section>
-<section id="who-am-i" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Who am I?</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Zachary Mueller</li>
-<li>Technical Lead for the 🤗 Accelerate project</li>
-<li>API design geek</li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="understanding-gpu-usage" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Understanding GPU Usage</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>We can somewhat estimate the memory usage in vanilla full-fine-tuning of models</li>
-<li>Requires certain assumptions (that I’ll be covering):
-<ul>
-<li>Adam optimizer</li>
-<li>Batch size of 1</li>
-</ul></li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="understanding-gpu-usage-1" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Understanding GPU Usage</h2>
-<p>General estimate (<code>bert-base-cased</code>, 108M params):</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Each parameter is 4 bytes</li>
-<li>Backward ~= 2x the model size</li>
-<li>The optimizer step ~= 4x the model size (1x model, 1x gradients, 2x optimizer):</li>
-</ul>
-<div style="font-size: 50%;">
-<table>
-<thead>
-<tr class="header">
-<th>dtype</th>
-<th style="text-align: left;">Model</th>
-<th style="text-align: center;">Gradients</th>
-<th style="text-align: center;">Backward pass</th>
-<th style="text-align: center;">Optimizer step</th>
-<th style="text-align: center;">Highest</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>float32</td>
-<td style="text-align: left;">413.18 MB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">413.18 MB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">826.36 MB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">1.61 GB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">1.61 GB</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td>float16</td>
-<td style="text-align: left;">413.18 MB*</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">619.77 MB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">826.36 MB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">826.36 MB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">826.36 MB</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<p>*All estimations were based off the <a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/hf-accelerate/model-memory-usage">Model Estimator Tool</a></p>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section id="understanding-gpu-usage-2" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Understanding GPU Usage</h2>
-<p>This works fine for small models, we have cards with anywhere from 12-24GB of GPU memory (on the GPU-poor side).</p>
-<p>But what happens as we scale?</p>
-<p>Here’s <code>llama-3-8B</code> (8.03B parameters)</p>
-<div style="font-size: 50%;">
-<table>
-<thead>
-<tr class="header">
-<th>dtype</th>
-<th style="text-align: left;">Model</th>
-<th style="text-align: center;">Gradients</th>
-<th style="text-align: center;">Backward pass</th>
-<th style="text-align: center;">Optimizer step</th>
-<th style="text-align: center;">Highest</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>float32</td>
-<td style="text-align: left;">28.21 GB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">28.21 GB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">56.43 GB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">112.84 GB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">112.84 GB</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td>float16</td>
-<td style="text-align: left;">28.21 GB*</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">42.32 GB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">56.43 GB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">56.43 GB</td>
-<td style="text-align: center;">56.43 GB</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div>
-<p>Well, <em>I</em> don’t have 56GB of GPU memory in a single card, let alone 112GB.</p>
-<p>What can we do?</p>
-</section>
-<section>
-<section id="distributed-training" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
-<h1>Distributed Training</h1>
-</section>
-<section id="kinds-of-training" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Kinds of Training</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Single GPU:
-<ul>
-<li>No distributed techniques at play</li>
-</ul></li>
-<li>DDP:
-<ul>
-<li>A full copy of the model exists on each device, but data is chunked between each GPU</li>
-</ul></li>
-<li>FSDP &amp; DeepSpeed:
-<ul>
-<li>Split chunks of the model and optimizer states across GPUs, allowing for training bigger models on smaller (multiple) GPUs</li>
-</ul></li>
-</ul>
-</section></section>
-<section>
-<section id="fully-sharded-data-parallelism" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
-<h1>Fully Sharded Data Parallelism</h1>
-</section>
-<section id="fully-sharded-data-parallelism-1" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Fully Sharded Data Parallelism</h2>
-<img data-src="fsdp.png" id="fig-539a35d47e664c97a50115a146a7f1bd-1" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><aside class="notes">
-<ul>
-<li>Take the model and split it across <code>n</code> GPUs</li>
-<li>Each GPU computes the shard’s gradients</li>
-<li>At the end, all gradients are synchronized and the final full model gradient is calculated</li>
-<li>The backward pass can then be performed</li>
-</ul>
-<style type="text/css">
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-</section>
-<section id="fsdp-getting-parameter-specific" class="slide level2">
-<h2>FSDP: Getting parameter specific</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Different parameters can dicatate how much memory is needed for total GPU training across multiple GPUs</li>
-<li>These include how model weights are sharded, gradients, and more.</li>
-<li>I’ll cover some important ones I needed when doing a Full-Fine-Tune of Llama-3-8B <em>without PEFT</em> on 2x4090’s</li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="sharding_strategy" class="slide level2">
-<h2><code>sharding_strategy</code></h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Dictates the level of divving resources to perform
-<ul>
-<li><code>FULL_SHARD</code>: Includes optimizer states, gradients, and parameters</li>
-<li><code>SHARD_GRAD_OP</code>: Includes optimizer states and gradients</li>
-<li><code>NO_SHARD</code>: Normal DDP</li>
-<li><code>HYBRID_SHARD</code>: Includes optimizer states, gradients, and parameters but each node has the full model</li>
-</ul>
-<aside class="notes">
-<pre><code>FULL_SHARD:
-  Parameters, Gradients, Optimizer States: All are sharded.
-  Parameters Handling: Unshard before forward pass, reshard after forward pass, unshard before backward pass, reshard after backward pass.
-  Gradients Handling: Synchronize and shard after backward pass.
-  Optimizer States: Updated locally per rank.</code></pre>
-<p>SHARD_GRAD_OP: Gradients and Optimizer States: Sharded during computation. Parameters: Unshard before forward pass, remain unsharded during forward pass, reshard after backward pass. Inside no_sync(): Parameters are not resharded after backward computation. Optimizer States: Updated locally per rank.</p>
-<p>NO_SHARD: Parameters, Gradients, Optimizer States: Not sharded, replicated across ranks. Gradients Handling: Synchronized via all-reduce after backward pass. Optimizer States: Updated locally per rank.</p>
-<p>HYBRID_SHARD: Parameters, Gradients, Optimizer States: Combines FULL_SHARD within a node and replicates parameters across nodes. Communication: Expensive operations like all-gathers and reduce-scatters are limited to within a node, enhancing performance for medium-sized models.</p>
-<style type="text/css">
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-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="auto_wrap_policy" class="slide level2">
-<h2><code>auto_wrap_policy</code>:</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>How the model should be split</li>
-<li>Can be either <code>TRANSFORMER_BASED_WRAP</code> or <code>SIZE_BASED_WRAP</code></li>
-<li><code>TRANSFORMER</code>/<code>fsdp_transformers_layer_cls_to_wrap</code>:
-<ul>
-<li>Need to declare the layer</li>
-<li>Generally <code>transformers</code> has good defaults</li>
-</ul></li>
-<li><code>SIZE</code>/<code>fsdp_min_num_param</code>:
-<ul>
-<li>Number of total parameters in a shard</li>
-</ul></li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="offload_params" class="slide level2">
-<h2><code>offload_params</code>:</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Offloads the parameters and gradients to the CPU if they can’t fit into memory</li>
-<li>Allows you to train much larger models locally, but will be much slower</li>
-</ul>
-<blockquote>
-<p>Case: FFT of Llama-3-8B with <code>fsdp_offload_params</code> on 2x4090 GPUs was 72hrs, vs ~an hour or two when using 1xH100</p>
-</blockquote>
-</section>
-<section id="cpu_ram_efficient_loading-and-sync_module_states" class="slide level2">
-<h2><code>cpu_ram_efficient_loading</code> and <code>sync_module_states</code></h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Uses the idea behind big model inference/the <code>meta</code> device to load in the model to the GPU in a low-ram scenario</li>
-<li>Rather than needing <code>model_size</code> * <code>n_gpus</code> RAM, we can load the model on a single node and then send the weights directly to each shard when the time is right via <code>sync_module_states</code></li>
-</ul>
-</section></section>
-<section>
-<section id="tying-this-to-accelerate" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
-<h1>Tying this to 🤗 Accelerate</h1>
-</section>
-<section id="tying-this-to-accelerate-1" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Tying this to 🤗 Accelerate</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>So far we’ve covered the theory, but how do we put it into practice</li>
-<li>By using a library that’s at the heart of the entire open-source ecosystem</li>
-</ul>
-<div style="font-size: 60%;padding-left:10%;padding-top:0%;">
-<ul>
-<li>Nearly all of 🤗</li>
-<li><code>axolotl</code></li>
-<li><code>fastai</code></li>
-<li><code>FastChat</code></li>
-<li><code>lucidrains</code></li>
-<li><code>kornia</code></li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<p>Are you using it and you don’t even know?</p>
-</section>
-<section id="what-is-accelerate" class="slide level2">
-<h2>What is 🤗 Accelerate?</h2>
-<div class="cell" data-reveal="true" data-fig-height="6">
-<div class="cell-output-display">
-<div>
-<div>
-<pre class="mermaid mermaid-js">graph LR
-    A(("🤗 Accelerate#32;"))
-    A --&gt; B["CLI Interface#32;"]
-    A --&gt; C["Training Library#32;"]
-    A --&gt; D["Big Model&lt;br&gt;Inference#32;"]
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section id="a-cli-interface" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A CLI Interface</h2>
-<ul>
-<li><code>accelerate config</code>
-<ul>
-<li>Configure the environment</li>
-</ul></li>
-<li><code>accelerate estimate-memory</code>
-<ul>
-<li>How to guess vRAM requirements</li>
-</ul></li>
-<li><code>accelerate launch</code>
-<ul>
-<li>How to run your script</li>
-</ul></li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="launching-distributed-training-is-hard" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Launching distributed training is hard</h2>
-<ul>
-<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a><span class="ex">python</span> script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
-<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1"></a><span class="ex">torchrun</span> <span class="at">--nnodes</span><span class="op">=</span>1 <span class="at">--nproc_per_node</span><span class="op">=</span>2 script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
-<li><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1"></a><span class="ex">deepspeed</span> <span class="at">--num_gpus</span><span class="op">=</span>2 script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div></li>
-</ul>
-<p>How can we make this better?</p>
-</section>
-<section id="accelerate-launch" class="slide level2">
-<h2><code>accelerate launch</code></h2>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource bash number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1"></a><span class="ex">accelerate</span> launch script.py</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</section>
-<section id="accelerate-config" class="slide level2">
-<h2><code>accelerate config</code></h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Rely on <code>config.yaml</code> files</li>
-<li>Choose to either running <code>accelerate config</code> or write your own:</li>
-</ul>
-<div class="columns" style="font-size: 50%;padding-left:10%;">
-<div class="column" style="width:40%;">
-<div class="code-with-filename">
-<div class="code-with-filename-file">
-<pre><strong>ddp_config.yaml</strong></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" data-filename="ddp_config.yaml"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource yaml number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode yaml"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1"></a><span class="fu">compute_environment</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> LOCAL_MACHINE</span></span>
-<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2"></a><span class="fu">distributed_type</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> MULTI_GPU</span></span>
-<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3"></a><span class="fu">main_training_function</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> main</span></span>
-<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4"></a><span class="fu">mixed_precision</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> bf16</span></span>
-<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5"></a><span class="fu">num_machines</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6"></a><span class="fu">num_processes</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="dv">8</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</div>
-</div><div class="column" style="width:40%;">
-<div class="code-with-filename">
-<div class="code-with-filename-file">
-<pre><strong>fsdp_config.yaml</strong></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" data-filename="fsdp_config.yaml"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource yaml number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode yaml"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1"></a><span class="fu">compute_environment</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> LOCAL_MACHINE</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2"></a><span class="fu">distributed_type</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> FSDP</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3"></a><span class="fu">fsdp_config</span><span class="kw">:</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_auto_wrap_policy</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> TRANSFORMER_BASED_WRAP</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_backward_prefetch</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> BACKWARD_PRE</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_cpu_ram_efficient_loading</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">true</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_forward_prefetch</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">false</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_offload_params</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">false</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-9"><a href="#cb7-9"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_sharding_strategy</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> FULL_SHARD</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-10"><a href="#cb7-10"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_state_dict_type</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> SHARDED_STATE_DICT</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-11"><a href="#cb7-11"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_sync_module_states</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">true</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-12"><a href="#cb7-12"></a><span class="at">  </span><span class="fu">fsdp_use_orig_params</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="ch">false</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-13"><a href="#cb7-13"></a><span class="fu">main_training_function</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> main</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-14"><a href="#cb7-14"></a><span class="fu">mixed_precision</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> bf16</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-15"><a href="#cb7-15"></a><span class="fu">num_machines</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb7-16"><a href="#cb7-16"></a><span class="fu">num_processes</span><span class="kw">:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="dv">8</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</section></section>
-<section>
-<section id="a-training-library" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
-<h1>A Training Library</h1>
-</section>
-<section id="a-training-library-the-code" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library: The Code</h2>
-<div class="columns" style="font-size: 50%;">
-<div class="column">
-<p><br><br><br></p>
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8" data-code-line-numbers="5-6,9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1"></a><span class="co"># For alignment purposes</span></span>
-<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
-<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3"></a>    optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
-<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
-<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5"></a>    inputs <span class="op">=</span> inputs.to(device)</span>
-<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6"></a>    targets <span class="op">=</span> targets.to(device)</span>
-<span id="cb8-7"><a href="#cb8-7"></a>    outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8"></a>    loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
-<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9"></a>    loss.backward()</span>
-<span id="cb8-10"><a href="#cb8-10"></a>    optimizer.step()</span>
-<span id="cb8-11"><a href="#cb8-11"></a>    scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</div><div class="column">
-<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9" data-code-line-numbers="1-7,12-13,16"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource python number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1"></a><span class="im">from</span> accelerate <span class="im">import</span> Accelerator</span>
-<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2"></a>accelerator <span class="op">=</span> Accelerator()</span>
-<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3"></a>dataloader, model, optimizer scheduler <span class="op">=</span> (</span>
-<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4"></a>    accelerator.prepare(</span>
-<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5"></a>        dataloader, model, optimizer, scheduler</span>
-<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6"></a>    )</span>
-<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7"></a>)</span>
-<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8"></a></span>
-<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9"></a><span class="cf">for</span> batch <span class="kw">in</span> dataloader:</span>
-<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10"></a>    optimizer.zero_grad()</span>
-<span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11"></a>    inputs, targets <span class="op">=</span> batch</span>
-<span id="cb9-12"><a href="#cb9-12"></a>    <span class="co"># inputs = inputs.to(device)</span></span>
-<span id="cb9-13"><a href="#cb9-13"></a>    <span class="co"># targets = targets.to(device)</span></span>
-<span id="cb9-14"><a href="#cb9-14"></a>    outputs <span class="op">=</span> model(inputs)</span>
-<span id="cb9-15"><a href="#cb9-15"></a>    loss <span class="op">=</span> loss_function(outputs, targets)</span>
-<span id="cb9-16"><a href="#cb9-16"></a>    accelerator.backward(loss) <span class="co"># loss.backward()</span></span>
-<span id="cb9-17"><a href="#cb9-17"></a>    optimizer.step()</span>
-<span id="cb9-18"><a href="#cb9-18"></a>    scheduler.step()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</section>
-<section id="a-training-library-how-scaling-works" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library: How Scaling Works</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Accelerate’s DataLoaders and schedulers work off of a sharding mindset</li>
-<li>Rather than repeating the same data across <code>n</code> nodes, we instead split it</li>
-<li>Speeds up training linearly</li>
-<li>Given a batch size of 16 on a single GPU, to recreate this across 8 GPUs you would use a batch size of 2</li>
-<li>This also means the scheduler will be stepped <code>n</code> GPUs at a time per “global step”</li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="a-training-library-mixed-precision" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library: Mixed Precision</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>This may be a bit different than your “normal” idea of mixed precision.</li>
-<li>We do <strong>not</strong> convert the model weights to BF16/FP16</li>
-<li>Instead we <strong>wrap the forward pass</strong> with <code>autocast</code> to convert the gradients automatically</li>
-<li>This preserves the original precision of the weights, which leads to stable training and better fine-tuning later on.</li>
-<li><strong>If you use <code>.bf16()</code> weights, you are STUCK in bf16 perminantly</strong></li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="a-training-library-mixed-precision-1" class="slide level2">
-<h2>A Training Library: Mixed Precision</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Let’s tie that back up to the model estimator with neat tools like NVIDIA’s TransformerEngine</li>
-</ul>
-<div style="font-size: 60%;">
-<table style="width:100%;">
-<colgroup>
-<col style="width: 14%">
-<col style="width: 14%">
-<col style="width: 14%">
-<col style="width: 14%">
-<col style="width: 14%">
-<col style="width: 14%">
-<col style="width: 14%">
-</colgroup>
-<thead>
-<tr class="header">
-<th>Optimization Level</th>
-<th>Computation (GEMM)</th>
-<th>Comm</th>
-<th>Weight</th>
-<th>Master Weight</th>
-<th>Weight Gradient</th>
-<th>Optimizer States</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>FP16 AMP</td>
-<td>FP16</td>
-<td>FP32</td>
-<td>FP32</td>
-<td>N/A</td>
-<td>FP32</td>
-<td>FP32+FP32</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td>Nvidia TE</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP32</td>
-<td>FP32</td>
-<td>N/A</td>
-<td>FP32</td>
-<td>FP32+FP32</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>MS-AMP O1</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP16</td>
-<td>N/A</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP32+FP32</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td>MS-AMP O2</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP16</td>
-<td>N/A</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP8+FP16</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>MS-AMP O3</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP16</td>
-<td>FP8</td>
-<td>FP8+FP16</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div>
-<aside class="notes">
-<p>What is actually happening: * Linear Layers and other certain compatible layers are wrapped in a special version that allows for FP8 computation * The general forward pass is wrapped around BF16 * This means that the most memory saved is done during the gradients of the model, <em>not</em> the model itself. * With tools like <code>MS-AMP</code> we can convert more chunks into lower precision, but again like before stable training occurs when the models weights are in full precision and the backprop happens in full precision too.</p>
-<style type="text/css">
-        span.MJX_Assistive_MathML {
-          position:absolute!important;
-          clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
-          padding: 1px 0 0 0!important;
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-          display:block!important;
-      }</style></aside>
-</section>
-<section id="deepspeed-vs-fully-sharded-data-parallelism" class="slide level2">
-<h2>DeepSpeed vs Fully Sharded Data Parallelism</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Extremely similar, however mostly used different naming conventions for items and slight tweaks in the implementation</li>
-</ul>
-<div style="font-size: 50%;">
-<table style="width:100%;">
-<colgroup>
-<col style="width: 16%">
-<col style="width: 16%">
-<col style="width: 16%">
-<col style="width: 16%">
-<col style="width: 16%">
-<col style="width: 16%">
-</colgroup>
-<thead>
-<tr class="header">
-<th>Framework</th>
-<th>Model Loading (<code>torch_dtype</code>)</th>
-<th>Mixed Precision</th>
-<th>Preparation (Local)</th>
-<th>Training</th>
-<th>Optimizer (Local)</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>FSDP</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>default (none)</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="even">
-<td>FSDP</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>fp32</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>fp32</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="odd">
-<td>DeepSpeed</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>fp32</td>
-<td>bf16</td>
-<td>fp32</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div>
-<p>To learn more, check out the <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/concept_guides/fsdp_and_deepspeed">documentation</a> or join my office hours</p>
-</section>
-<section id="key-takeaways" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Key Takeaways:</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>You can scale out training with <code>accelerate</code>, FSDP, and DeepSpeed across multiple GPUs to train bigger models</li>
-<li>Techniques like <code>FP8</code> can help speed up training some and reduce computational overhead</li>
-<li>Comes at a cost of end-precision and locking model weights for futher fine-tunes if not careful</li>
-</ul>
-</section>
-<section id="some-handy-resources" class="slide level2">
-<h2>Some Handy Resources</h2>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="https://hf.co/docs/accelerate">🤗 Accelerate documentation</a></li>
-<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/basic_tutorials/launch">Launching distributed code</a></li>
-<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/basic_tutorials/notebook">Distributed code and Jupyter Notebooks</a></li>
-<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/basic_tutorials/migration">Migrating to 🤗 Accelerate easily</a></li>
-<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/big_modeling">Big Model Inference tutorial</a></li>
-<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/deepspeed">DeepSpeed and 🤗 Accelerate</a></li>
-<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/usage_guides/fsdp">Fully Sharded Data Parallelism and 🤗 Accelerate</a></li>
-<li><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/accelerate/concept_guides/fsdp_and_deepspeed">FSDP vs DeepSpeed In-Depth</a></li>
-</ul>
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